Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a form of cancer with a relatively high 5-year survival rate but also very high recurrence rate. Photodynamic diagnosis is commonly used in standard clinical practice to visualize bladder cancer lesions as part of a TURBT procedure but photodynamic treatments utilizing photosensitive drugs have had limited success in clinical setting partly because of limitations in light sources and light delivery optics. Bladder is somewhat challenging environment for PDT as it needs to be accessed cystoscopically and lesions might be difficult to target with traditional light delivery optics for example because of their close proximity to bladder entrance. The properties of different tumor types (papillary vs carcinoma in situ (CIS)) also require different illumination methods, so laser parameters and illumination modes need to be designed accordingly.

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a form of cancer with a high recurrence rate and limited treatment options. Currently best results are achieved when BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) is used together with photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and TURBT (trans urethral resection of bladder tumor) but majority of NMIBC still recur after the initial treatment. Even though PDD is commonly used to visualize the lesions as part of a TURBT procedure, photosensitive drug compounds have had limited success in clinical setting partly because of limitations in light sources and light delivery optics.