KEYWORDS: Principal component analysis, Reconstruction algorithms, Light sources, Reflectivity, RGB color model, Imaging systems, Color reproduction, Digital cameras, Optical filters, Data conversion
The principal component analysis method (PCA) and the kernel entropy component analysis method (KECA) are used to construct the spectral reflectance, and study the color reproduction. . This study compares reconstruction precision through the spectral reflectance reconstruction methods based on principal component analysis (PCA), kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), and kernel entropy component analysis (KECA). Experimental results show that spectral reconstruction algorithm based on KECA is superior than PCA and KPCA in chromaticity precision and spectral precision. It has certain application value for the true color reproduction of the object surface.
The experiment takes cabbage leaves as research object to capture images based on multi-spectral imaging system with combination of LCTF and CMOS camera by every 5 nm interval from 400 nm to 720 nm. Firstly, according to the principle of image brightness information, the value of distinguish degree for cabbage leaves are calculated with every band; Then through sorting the value of distinguish degree for cabbage leaves, along with information features of the image and distinguish degree, it can be concluded that band 555 nm, 715 nm, 710 nm, 575 nm, 535 nm, 520 nm, 720 nm, 605 nm and 650 nm have better distinguish degree; Finally, the classification accuracy statistic of feature bands for cabbage leaves is 95.56% and 93.13% through using the principle of Euclidean distance and spectral angle match respectively. It can draw a conclusion that the selected bands are with ideal classification accuracy for cabbage leaves. Therefore, 555 nm, 715 nm, 710 nm, 575 nm, 535 nm, 520nm, 720 nm, 605 nm and 650 nm can be used as feature bands for cabbage leaves. To select feature bands for cabbage leaves is one of effective means to identify the status for plants, which provides a method for fine classification and data processing for plant multi-spectral images with broad prospects and ideal application value.
At the beginning of this paper, we simply describe the theories of spectrograph and the operating principle of grating. Based on the Spectrometer theory and optical theory we design a solar spectrograph by analyzing and calculating. And the working waveband of this solar spectrograph is between 510nm and 540nm. Besides, according to the design data, we ensure the blaze level of grating and the focal length of collimate. Due to the presence of the collimate in the optical structure, astigmatism exists in the system. For this reason, we add a cylindrical lens to the structure to correct. The optical system is characterized by using white-pupil design and folding light path to make the whole system simple. In the end, according to the calculated design parameters, we use the Zemax software for simulation, then the result is RMS only has 4μm at the 520nm. It’s worth nothing that the resolution merely near the reference wavelength (520nm)meets the design requirements.
It is difficult to reproduce the original color of targets really in different illuminating environment using the traditional methods. So a function which can reconstruct the characteristics of reflection about every point on the surface of target is required urgently to improve the authenticity of color reproduction, which known as the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function(BRDF). A method of color reproduction based on the BRDF measurement is introduced in this paper. Radiometry is combined with the colorimetric theories to measure the irradiance and radiance of GretagMacbeth 24 ColorChecker by using PR-715 Radiation Spectrophotometer of PHOTO RESEARCH, Inc, USA. The BRDF and BRF (Bidirectional Reflectance Factor) values of every color piece corresponding to the reference area are calculated according to irradiance and radiance, thus color tristimulus values of 24 ColorChecker are reconstructed. The results reconstructed by BRDF method are compared with values calculated by the reflectance using PR-715, at last, the chromaticity coordinates in color space and color difference between each other are analyzed. The experimental result shows average color difference and sample standard deviation between the method proposed in this paper and traditional reconstruction method depended on reflectance are 2.567 and 1.3049 respectively. The conclusion indicates that the method of color reproduction based on BRDF has the more obvious advantages to describe the color information of object than the reflectance in hemisphere space through the theoretical and experimental analysis. This method proposed in this paper is effective and feasible during the research of reproducing the chromaticity.
KEYWORDS: Colorimetry, Color difference, Modulation, Spatial frequencies, Human vision and color perception, CRTs, Color vision, Calibration, Contrast sensitivity, Visualization
Purpose: In this paper the chromatic contrast was defined as color difference CIEDE2000, the sensitivity was defined as reciprocal of threshold of the color difference, and the CSFs called color difference sensitivity functions were measured. Methods: The CSFs of 4 subjects were measured for nine spatial frequencies(0.28, 0.56, 1.00, 1.97, 2.95, 4.72, 6.74, 11.80 and 15.74cpd) gratings of mean luminance of 40cd/m2 on a CRT display. Measurements were made for gratings whose average color was a chromatically neutral point(a*=0 and b*=0) and also for modulations around four chromatic points along the color directions a* and b* in the CIELAB color space. Results. The thresholds of color difference are from 0.74 to 6.67 in the range of experimental frequencies. The color difference sensitivity functions are similar with known results that CSF curves for the two chromatic directions are consistently low-pass irrespective of the average color of the stimulus. The sensitivity to gratings for b* direction is identical as for a* direction below spatial frequency 4.72cpd, however, the sensitivity for b* direction is smaller than the one for a* direction above spatial frequency 4.72cpd, which indicates that the CIEDE2000 threshold for grating with lower frequencies(i.e., small color differences) is not related to the chromatic direction and chromatic point of modulation, however, the threshold is related to the chromatic direction and chromatic point of modulation for large color differences.
The goal of ICC (International color consortium) color management system (CMS) is to reproduce color fidelity regardless of the hardware or platform used to capture, view or print them. The accuracy of profiles decides the precision of color conversion; therefore, creating device profiles accurately is very essential for color management. In this paper, according to the ICC standard format, we used Matrix-LUT (look up table) model, which can increase the color conversion precision to create monitor profile. In laboratory environment, we used X-Rite DPT92 to calibrate the monitor, and then we made about 1000 color patches and measured the RGB and the corresponding XYZ of each patch. We adopted linear interpolation method to establish the LUT between RGB and XYZ. The experimental results are good, and then we finished the monitor profile by the ICC format, realized CRT monitor color management.
KEYWORDS: CRTs, Color difference, Printing, RGB color model, Image segmentation, Color reproduction, Scanners, Image processing, CMYK color model, Visualization
It is necessary for evaluating the color reproduction from CRT image to printer image. However, the process of evaluation is difficult. This paper describes an approximate, but very simple and objective method of evaluating the color reproduction from CRT to printer by employing a scanner. The process is as follows: (1)an experimental image on a CRT, witch contains 1301 color patches with size 6x6mm2 ;(2)the printed image was scanned by a scanner; (3)segmenting the scanned image for finding each color patch, then calculating average values of RGB for each patch; (4)calculating color difference between scanned image and original CRT image for each patch. Average difference may show approximately the color difference between a CRT image and the printed image. This method is based on a fact: color reproduction from CRT to printer is worse than from printed image to the scanned image. In our experiments, average CIE 1976Lu*v* color difference between the printed image and the CRT image is 10.9 units, but average color difference between the scanned image and the printed image is less than 4 units. Experiments show that the result of evaluation by this method is consistent with one by observers visually.
Up to now, almost all conventional CRT colorimetric prediction models are based on the `principle of tristimulus values superposition'. Whereas, by doing a series of experiments, we have found a fact that in CRTs there exists a kind of `interactive effect' among RGB channels, and this effect will invalidate above superposition principle and therefore result in a kind of `interactive error' in conventional CRT colorimetric prediction models. Our experimental results show that the errors caused by this `interactive effect' are often bigger than 10 units calculated with CIELUV error formulas.
There are many reports about the study for highly focused laser-beam gradient forces exerted on dielectric microspheres to date. But the force values calculated theoretically are commonly larger than the actual and effective forces measured in experiment, which indicates that there is a sort of system errors between theory and experiment. In this paper a focusing characteristic study of laser beam affected by the astigmation of slide glass is presented using geometrical-optics method. And it is pointed out that the affection is one of the main factors causing system error mentioned above.
It is necessary for a modern spectrophotometry system to possess such properties as high measuring accuracy, fast working speed, uniform spectral response in the whole wavelength band, low consumption of power, little heat accruing while working, small size and low weight, etc. To meet all these needs, a spectrophotometry system today usually employs the so-called dual-beam channel configuration in which one sampling channel with another compensatory channel and a cold light source such as a xenon flash lamp, which usually causes an increase of the complexity in the system configurations. To further simplify the instrument configuration, we put forward a new dual-channel compensatory model called the integral compensatory model. Our experimental results show that using this new model, a spectrophotometry system cannot only be greatly simplified in its hardware but can also achieve highly accurate measurements.
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