This paper describes an active magnetic sensing system that locates and distinguishes buried ferromagnetic and non ferromagnetic objects. The operating principle is that primary active magnetic fields interact with ferromagnetic and non ferromagnetic conductive materials to produce secondary fields that can be measured and interpreted. Ferromagnetic materials produce a secondary magnetic field by induced magnetization. Conductive materials produce secondary magnetic fields with eddy currents that counter the primary field. The system uses a compact array of four electronically geared, rotating multipole neodymium magnets to project the primary shape-controlled oscillating magnetic fields. Magnetometers measure the combined primary and secondary fields at a rate of 490Hz. The data are then read into a mini PC to characterize in near real-time the composition of subterranean objects.
Location and identification of subterranean infrastructure is crucial for managing and maintaining urban infrastructure and utility, and locating subsurface hazards. Low-frequency oscillating magnetic fields suffer less attenuation due to propagating media than ground penetrating radar. Here, electronically-geared, rotating neodymium magnets project oscillating magnetic fields which are manipulated to provide object identification from rapid analysis of dynamic magnetometer data. Ferromagnetic materials interact directly with the rotating magnetic field. Eddy currents, which induce a counter-propagating magnetic field, are generated in conductive, non-ferromagnetic materials. Two applications are highlighted by preliminary experiments: discrimination between copper, aluminum and steel pipes, and improved detection of buried explosive devices.
This paper explores using Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) controlled electromagnetic waves for enhanced ground penetrating radar (GPR) imaging and detection. A macroscopic interpretation of OAM is propagating waves with vortexshaped wave fronts. At the photon level OAM appears as a quantum degree of freedom with integer quanta of angular momentum added to each photon. This is in addition to Spin Angular Momentum (SAM). The use of OAM in GPR has at least two potential advantages. The vortex shape may enable better discernment of cylindrical versus non-cylindrical buried objects. At the quantum level entanglement of OAM with other quantum degrees of freedom may enable enhanced imaging, such as the ghost imaging of objects that produce weak signal returns. The results include experiments that demonstrate the generation and reception of EM waves with a circular pattern of antennas operating as phased arrays to produce vortex-shaped waves at frequencies and dimensions typical of conventional GPRs.
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