Effect of the incident light beam conditions, such as the beam profile, the beam size, and the incident angle on the beam propagation and the firing characteristics of the radial-firing optical fiber tip comprised of conically shaped air pocket was investigated by the simulation using the ray-tracing method. Regardless of the different Gaussian profiles of the incident beam, no significant difference in the maximum firing angle but a little increase in the firing power was found with the increase of the axial distance of the Gaussian profile. With the increase of the incident beam size, no significant difference in the maximum firing angle was found but the relative firing power decreased and the extent of the power decrease depended on the numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber. On the other hand, the incident beam angle (BA) dependence of the firing power was significant, decreased to 65.9% and 31.9% for the RFF tip of NA 0.12 and NA 0.22, respectively, with the increase of the incident BA from 0 deg to 12 deg but the maximum firing angles did not show much decrease, smaller than 5 deg. The present modified simulation considering the incident light beam size and angle clearly showed the very close power distribution of the firing beam with respect to the firing angle obtained by the experimental results.
In this study, highly Dy3+-doped germano-borate glasses for different dopant concentrations ranging from 20 to 30 mol% were fabricated and their physical, optical, and MO properties were investigated. The characteristic thermal parameters disclosed good thermal stability of <100 °C against crystallization in the studied glasses. In addition, the glasses showed a high optical transmission of ~ 85% in the NIR region of 1550 nm. A very large Verdet constant of approximately -5.36 rad/(T·m) at 1550 nm was obtained in the glass containing 30 mol% Dy2O3. Therefore, this glass might be a promising MO material for applications in the NIR region.
We report a large-core radial-firing optical fiber tip comprised of conically shaped air-pocket, fabricated by deforming a hollow optical fiber fusion-spliced with the large-core optical fiber (LCF) (core/cladding diameters = 200 / 220 μm) using the arc-discharge method. The effect of the intaglio air-pocket angle and the numerical aperture (NA) of the LCF on the radial-firing characteristics of the fiber tip was investigated. The design of air-pocket of the fiber tip was optimized for an effective radial-firing by simulating the beam profile of the radial-firing optical fiber with the ray-tracing method. The 45 deg of the conical angle with the low NA (0.12) of the LCF has shown the maximum radial-firing angle of 81 deg by the simulation. The fabricated LCF tip with the intaglio conical air-pocket with the 45 deg angle has shown the radial-firing angle up to ±78 deg, which was in good agreement with the simulation results. The present LCF radial-firing tip can be an effective element of medical devices for treatment of tubular shape tissues with the high-power transmission and the ease of operation in vivo.
A novel photonic crystal fiber with a Ge nanoparticles-doped germano-silicate core was fabricated by using the MCVD and stack-and-draw processes. Effect of Ge nanoparticles and the air-holes structure on non-resonant optical nonlinearity and supercontinuum generation was investigated.
Effect of fluorine (F) doping in the core of a birefringent photonic crystal fiber (PCF) on sensing capability of temperature and strain was investigated by using Sagnac loop interferometry. The birefringence of the F-doped PCF was measured to be 1.5610-4 at 1550 nm and the temperature and the strain sensitivities of the F-doped PCF were found to increase from -9.6 pm/°C/m to -3×4 pm/°C/m and from 3.5 pm/με to 6.3 pm/με, respectively.
An optical fiber bend sensor based on a fiber Bragg grating by using a germano-silicate glass optical fiber with depressed-index structure has been developed and its novel bend sensing characteristics was demonstrated. With the increase of bending, the transmission spectrum was linearly blue-shifted without change of optical transmission loss. Total blue-shift of the Bragg reflection wavelength upon bending in the radius of curvature from 20 m-1 to 133 m-1 was − 0.13 nm.
Possibility of a Co/Fe co-doped alumino-silicate optical fiber as a radiation dosimeter application was investigated from the measurement of radiation-induced optical attenuation (RIA). The RIA at 1310 nm of the optical fiber upon gammaray irradiation was found to increase linearly with the radiation dose. The extent of the RIA increase to 11,900 dB/km at radiation dose rate of 20 Gy/min for 1 hour was 70 times larger than that of the reference single mode fiber and the RIA remained almost constant after 5 minutes of the irradiation termination.
Recent progress in development and nonlinear optical device application of germano-silicate optical fibers incorporated
with noble metal nanoparticles are presented. Novel macro-optical properties, such as linear absorption, resonant optical
nonlinearity, and optical limiting properties of the fibers fabricated by modified chemical vapor deposition and solution
doping techniques are experimentally and theoretically demonstrated based on surface plasmon resonance effect and
nonlinear confinement of the noble metal nanoparticles. Applications of the fibers for all-optical signal gating with the
cascaded long period gratings and for a new method to determine the third-order susceptibility of optical fibers are
discussed.
We propose a novel approach for resolving temperature and strain variations by use of Sagnac interferometer incorporating
two types of high birefringence fibers (HBFs) and a polarization controller. The two types of HBFs are spliced
together to act as the sensing head for temperature and strain discrimination. The detected parameters are two wavelength
dips over a broad wavelength range in the transmission spectrum of the Sagnac interferometer, whose sensitivity
responses to temperature and strain both depend on those of the two HBFs. As a result, the sensitivity responses can be
controlled by adjusting the polarization controller adjacent to the sensing head to shift the wavelength dips and then
change their degrees of dependence on the two HBFs.
To investigate the nonlinear optical properties of metallic nanoparticles in dielectric composite materials, germano-silicate glass optical fibers incorporated with gold nanoparticles were made by using modified chemical vapor deposition technique and solution doping process. The incorporation of the gold nanoparticles was confirmed by the sharp absorption peak appeared near 498.4nm, which was due to the surface plasmon resonance absorption of Au nanoparticles. Resonant optical nonlinearities of the fibers were estimated by measuring the peak shift of the fringes obtained from the long-period fiber grating pair upon pumping with Argon laser at 488nm. The resonant nonlinearity was found to be 5.00×10-16m2/W by the incorporation of the gold metal concentration and with the addition of Al3+ ions.
To investigate the nonlinear optical properties of metallic nanoparticles in dielectric composite
materials, germano-silicate glass optical fibers incorporated with gold nanoparticles were made by
using modified chemical vapor deposition technique and solution doping process. The incorporation
of the gold nanoparticles was confirmed by the sharp absorption peak appeared near 498.4nm, which
was due to the surface plamon resonance absorption of Au nanoparticles. Resonant optical
nonlinearities of the fibers were estimated by measuring the peak shift of the fringes obtained from
the long-period fiber grating pair upon pumping with Argon laser at 488nm. The resonant nonlinearity
was found to be 5.00x10-16m2/W by the incorporation of the gold metal concentration and with the addition of Al3+ ions.
We present a simple analytical model to approximately analyze the TDFA for silica glass as well as fluoride glass based
optical fibers. We have verified the validity of method using the in-house fabricated Tm-doped alumino-germano-silicate
glass fiber as well as reported results for the Tm-doped fluoride glass fiber. The spectral variation of gain
obtained with the silica glass fiber TDFA after pumping with pump power of 275 mW at 1064 nm showed good
agreement between the simulated and the measured values. The pump power dependence of gain in the fluoride glass
fibers calculated by our method also showed a good agreement with the experimental results reported. The maximum
error in determination of gain was limited to 12%.
Few years ago, the inverse linear polarizing method (ILPM) has been suggested as an effective measurement method for the residual stress of optical fibers by Y. Park et al. and it has been used as an important tool to study photoelastic and birefringent characteristics of optical fibers. Non-elastic frozen-in residual stress was only recently found to be an important draw-induced inelastic strain that can significantly perturb the refractive index profile and hence the waveguiding properties of optical fibers. We have investigated residual stress distributions of optical fibers drawn at various draw tensions along the distance from the cleaved fiber end by using the ILPM. From the measurement of residual stress distributions and the definition of the mean axial stress, we calculated non-elastic frozen-in residual stress of optical fibers drawn at various draw tension. By the calculation of non-elastic frozen-in residual stress distributions of optical fibers, we have found that non-elastic frozen-in residual stress in the optical fiber can be released near the cleaved fiber end and release degree of non-elastic frozen-in residual stress near the cleaved fiber end is proportional to draw tension applied on the optical fiber fabrication. We have also found that non-elastic frozen-in residual stress along the cleaved fiber end becomes restored and restoration tendency of non-elastic frozen-in residual stress from the cleaved fiber end is dependent on draw tension applied on the optical fiber fabrication.
A novel method for measuring the temperature-dependent chromatic dispersion of a fiber is proposed, which is based on the interference fringe formed by a pair of long-period fiber gratings (LPGs). The effective index difference between the fundamental core mode and a cladding mode was obtained from the interference fringe of the LPG pair. The order of the involved cladding mode and the core size could be obtained from the general parameters of the fiber; the numerical aperture and the cut-off wavelength. Using the obtained cladding mode order and the Sellmeier equation of silica material for the cladding index, the refractive index of the fiber core was obtained by comparing the measured effective index difference with the calculated one. Since the temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation of the cladding material is already known, the temperature-dependent refractive index of the core can be obtained. Measured refractive index of the core is fitted with a linear combination of the well-known Sellmeier equations of germanium and silica. The concentration of germanium is used as the fitting parameter. The calculated chromatic dispersion is well matched with the one measured with a conventional instrument within 0.2 ps/km/nm in a spectral range of from 1.3 mm to 1.6 mm at room temperature.
We report the fabrication process for several types of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), which enables mass-production with a 125micrometers diameter. Five layers of silica capillary tubes having 2 mm inner and 3 mm outer diameters were stacked in a hexagonal pattern around a silica rod of a 3 mm diameter. By jacketing a large silica tube around the tube stack, the preform for a PCF was obtained. Another type of PCF was made by stacking four tubes in one layer, which had 6 mm inner and 8 mm outer diameters. In order to draw PCFs from both types of preforms, a drawing tower for conventional fibers was used. In the beginning of the drawing process, the temperature was set to be the running temperature for the conventional fiber, and then lowered by a couple of hundreds degrees. The optical properties of the fabricated PCFs were measured with various hole sizes and pitches. These include the intensity distribution of the guided beam that was a single mode at 1550 nm, and the transmission loss measured by using the cut back method, and the fundamental mode cut-off characteristic at a short wavelength, and the numerical aperture measured at several wavelengths by using the far field patterns.
Refractive index change in the core of optical fibers by CO2 laser irradiation was measured by using a long period fiber grating (LPG) pair. Effect of drawing force applied to the optical fibers during drawing process on the refractive index change upon the CO2 laser irradiation was investigated. The refractive index was found to decrease linearly with the drawing force and it was due to the relaxation of the residual stress. Effect of the CO2 laser output power on the residual stress relaxation and the fiber elongation was also studied.
Novel optical fiber torsion sensor based on LPG pair was proposed and the effect of the twist angle on the torsion was characterized. The transmission of the fringes at peak wavelengths was changed by the twist of the optical fiber with the LPG pair and it is attributed to the polarization dependence upon the twisting of the fiber. The variation of the transmission depends on the input polarization state, which is affected by the applied torsion.
Effect of soaking temperature on concentration of rare-earth ions in the optical fiber core during solution doping process was investigated. The dopant concentration of Er3+ and Ho3+ in the preforms and the fibers measured by the electron probe microanalysis and the optical spectrum analyzer was found to increase with decreasing the soaking temperature. The increase in the concentration of the Er3+ and the Ho3+ was attributed to the precipitation of the dopants due to the decrease in the solubility by decreasing the temperature.
A thin film of SiO coated on abraded Si02 glass was found to improve the mechanical fatigue resistance of the glass in water. The improvement was attributed to an increase in the number of reaction sites on the coated surface, which convert the mobile H2O molecule to immobile SiOH and the consequent reduction of the effective diffusion rate of water into the glass.
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