A robust wireless video transmission scheme using MPEG video Markup Language (MPML) with adaptive error correction codes (ECCs) is proposed in this work. MPML can provide selective description for various MPEG video components to meet the special application requirements. We present an efficient MPML compression algorithm to reduce the size of MPML description and apply the adaptive ECCs to protect the MPML-coded description bitstream unequally against channel noises. It is demonstrated by experimental results that the proposed MPML protection can achieve good error resilient performance comparable with the well-known error resilient techniques.
An object-oriented methodology is proposed to harmonize several different markup languages in this research. First, we adopt the Unified Modelling Language (UML) as the data model to formalize the concept and the process of the harmonization process between the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) applications. Then, we design the Harmonization eXtensible Markup Language (HXML) based on the data model and formalize the transformation between the Document Type Definitions (DTDs) of the original XML applications and HXML. The transformation between instances is also discussed. We use the harmonization of SMIL and X3D as an example to demonstrate the proposed methodology. This methodology can be generalized to various application domains.
MPML is an XML-based MPEG video coding method that was proposed in our previous work. A comprehensive study on the tradeoff between the coding bit rates and the PSNR performance with MPML under the noisy channel environment is conducted in this research. The original MPML compression algorithm has been modified for partial protection to reduce the XML overhead. A scheme to realize partial MPML protection is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MPML-based error resilient technique can achieve good performance for wireless video transmission.
The flexible and semi-structured eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is used in various application domains as well as the database field. The proposed XML harmonization system attempts to re-utilize existing markup languages by extracting and integrating them. This idea is analogous to the join operation in the database domain. When new structures are created, new document types are defined. Structures of XML instances can be viewed from various viewpoints, e.g. the relational database or the object-oriented database. In this work, we propose a new way to achieve harmonization, i.e., by defining axioms on atomic elements of the selected data structure. The advantage of using axioms is that it can be extended to other data structures easily. Measurements of harmonization are discussed, and harmonization examples are given to illustrate the axiom-based design principle.
KEYWORDS: Video, Video compression, Video coding, Error analysis, Standards development, Computer programming, Algorithm development, Video processing, Reliability, Computer programming languages
The performance of error resilient MPEG video coding and transmission over wireless channels, using an XML representation called MPML, is evaluated in this research. We take into account various factors that affect the streaming performance over wireless channels. A compression algorithm is developed to reduce the MPML overhead. The error corruption model is analyzed for bitstreams with MPML protection. Error correction coding is employed to enhance the eliability of MPML header transmission. Our experimental results demonstrate the superior PSNR performance of the proposed MPML assisted video streaming system with and without the Data Partitioning (DP) mode.
KEYWORDS: Multimedia, Computer security, Video, Data modeling, Transform theory, Document management, Web services, Data hiding, Internet, Control systems
The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) provides a good tool to represent the Web content due to its semi-structured characteristics. A new XML-based Web architecture is proposed in this work, upon which various applications are built. The proposed XML-based Web architecture contains four major components: layout, content, digital right management (DRM), and security. Each component is described by one or more specific XML languages. Then, different XML languages are harmonized under one framework for efficiency and ease of manipulation. The XML-based schema of webpages can be organized easily to meet both internal and external requirements. That is, the Web data should be managed more easily by content owners while customization should be made for different users with different interests and access means.
The use of XML video representation to handle the video synchronization problem in a layered video multicast system is investigated in this research. MPEG-4/XML was proposed in our previous work. In this work, we first propose an XML scheme to describe the MPEG-4 FGS content. The resulting MPEG-4/XML FGS format is specifically designed for a layered multicast streaming environment. The use of XML tags allows a user to access video contents with more flexibility at the cost of a small overhead in the transmitted file size. The raw XML file can be efficiently compressed to result in a small coded XML file. It is demonstrated that the difficult resynchronization problem in layered video multicast can be effectively dealt with the MPEG-4/XML format.
KEYWORDS: Video, Video compression, Video coding, Error analysis, Binary data, Computer programming, Algorithm development, Video processing, System integration, Detection and tracking algorithms
Many error resilience techniques have been proposed to improve the MPEG-4 coding performance. However, most of them can hardly detect and correct errors occurring in headers, motion vectors and macroblock mode data. MPEG-4/XML was introduced in our previous work to protect the important information of video against error corruption. However, the overhead of a straightforward XML description can be high. In this work, we develop an efficient XML compression algorithm to reduce the MPEG-4/XML file size. Furthermore, we present a XML-based MPEG-4 error resilience technique performed at the macroblock level. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed MPEG-4/XML coding technique.
The random early migration (REM) scheme was proposed in our previous work to balance the load of multiple media servers to decrease the average service delay. When an user request arrives, it is randomly directed to a media server that has the designated video content cached on. When the load of this server exceeds a preset threshold, REM is executed by choosing one of its in-service requests and migrating it to another media server with a certain probability, where the exact probability is a function of the service load. We introduce a state matrix representation that stores the service load information of each media server and plays an important role in the determination of migration paths. All possible state matrices can be mapped to a vector space called the state matrix space (SMS). With SMS, we can analyze the performance of VoD systems such as the failure rate and service delay, and these derived results are verified by numerical experiments. It is demonstrated that REM outperforms the normal migration scheme with shorter service delay and lower failure rates.
KEYWORDS: Video, Video processing, Error analysis, Visualization, Binary data, Video coding, Video compression, Motion models, Multimedia, Semantic video
A new XML-based MPEG-4 coding system for video streaming is proposed in this research. The XML technology is applied to MPEG-4 coded video contents to provide more flexibility for video manipulation. To be more specific, for every compressed video file, we generate the corresponding XML document that works as an indexing file as well as a streaming facilitator. This XML-based MPEG-4 coded bitstream can be transmitted over the high level HTTP protocol or the low level IP or RTP protocol. In this work, we will examine the design of this XML-based streaming system, including the overhead of the XML document, its transmission, the processing requirement, and error resilience, etc. Experimental results will be provided to compare the performances of the traditional MPEG-4 streaming solution and the proposed XML-based solution.
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