Visible light communication (VLC) emerging as an essential technology in the 6G era has expanded its application from indoor to outdoor scenarios. Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) technology is presented aiming to provide high-speed and safe communication service for complex underwater scenarios. The blue-green band exists as a transmission window in seawater with less transmission loss than other visible light counterparts. In this paper, a self-designed full-duplex UOWC transceiver is demonstrated. A green laser and an avalanche photodiode (APD) are used as core devices of the transmitter and receiver, respectively. We use a field programmable gate array (FPGA) as the main processing unit where an on-off-key (OOK) modem and reed-solomon (RS) coder are adopted which can correct up to 8-bit errors at a correction efficiency of 94%. A bias-tee module is used as the emitting driver of the modulated signals for the green laser diode (LD) and a receiving circuit is self-designed realizing photoelectric conversion and signal processing, in which the transceiver could simultaneously emit and receive light. We conducted an experiment using a water flume to simulate underwater communication channels and realize full-duplex communication. The transmission rate of the transceiver is 5 Mbps. The photoelectric properties of the LD are characterized in this paper. Eye patterns and flowing signals are analyzed for the communication performance of the transceiver. This work provides a feasible method for advanced UOWC technology.
With the development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, there is an increasing demand for integrated optoelectronic systems. Multiple quantum well (MQW) diodes can transmit and receive information through visible light, serving as both light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodetectors. Furthermore, the overlap of emission-detection spectra in III-nitride MQW diodes provides an interesting capability of detecting and modulating their own emitted light. In this study, we have experimentally demonstrated the coexistence of emission-detection in III-nitride MQW diodes and established an optical-based wireless audio communication system. When the bias voltage is greater than the turn-on voltage and the device is simultaneously illuminated, III-nitride MQW diodes can achieve both light emission and detection. This work paves the way for developing versatile III-nitride MQW diodes for device-to-device data communication in smart displays.
Suitable optoelectronic integration platforms enable the realization of numerous application systems at the chip scale and are highly anticipated in the rapidly growing market. We report a GaN-on-silicon-based photonic integration platform and demonstrate a photonic integrated chip comprising a light source, modulator, photodiode (PD), waveguide, and Y-branch splitter based on this platform. The light source, modulator, and PD adopt the same multiple quantum wells (MQWs) diode structure without encountering incompatibility problems faced in other photonic integration approaches. The waveguide-structure MQW electro-absorption modulator has obvious indirect light modulation capability, and its absorption coefficient changes with the applied bias voltage. The results successfully validate the data transmission and processing using near-ultraviolet light with peak emission wavelength of 386 nm. The proposed complete active–passive approach that has simple fabrication and low cost provides new prospects for next-generation photonic integration.
In this work, we demonstrate a green light in-plane communication system at 557 nm through a monolithic integration of two same structure MQWs devices-LED and PD, and waveguides on a GaN-on-Si wafer with InGaN/GaN superlattice layer. The MQW structures are responsible for the emission in the LED and photodetection in the PD. In addition, the device have the ability of luminescing and detecting simultaneously in quantum wells. The front side of device is completed by using e-beam evaporation, photolithography, etching. Since Si substrate is unfavorable for optical transmission due to strong visible light absorption. One last step is stripping of the Si substrate to increase the signal intensity received at the receiving side. As on-chip free-space transmission is hard to achieve due to the omnidirectional emission of LED, the installation of waveguides between LED and PD is beneficial for efficient transmission of optical signals. The optical and electrical properties of this communication system are characterized through series of measurement. To practically cognize the ability of transmission of the communication system, we use the system achieveing an in-panle transmission of PRBS signals modulated by non-return-to-zero on-off-keying (NRZ-OOK) at the speed of 10 Mbps, then analyze the result and the influence of other system factors such as resistive-capacitive (RC) time constant and junction capacitance of the receiver. According to the analysis of results, the system is able to transmitted and received PRBS signals at a rate of 10 Mbps.
Due to the growing demand for devices supporting the Internet of Things (IoT), it’s necessary to develop integrated chips with small size, fast response and high robustness to provide the application of the IoT. In addition to light emission, GaN-based quantum well diodes (QWDs) can convert light into electricity via the photovoltaic effect, simultaneously exhibiting inherent light emission and detection functionalities. Here, we report a LED with automatic brightness control utilizing the dual function of simultaneous light emission and detection, which is implemented on an III-nitride-on-silicon. Due to the inherent rapid photoelectric conversion of MQW diode, the diode is able to communicate with another. Using one MQW diode as the emitter, and another MQW diode as receiver, a visible light communication link was established. The overlap between the emission and detection spectra demonstrated that simultaneous emission-detection phenomenon also exists in MQW diodes. When the LED is modulated to emit light and we shine it with another modulated light beam at the same time, the LED operates under the simultaneous emissiondetection mode. The MQW diode converted external light into photocurrent as feedback to control circuit, by programming in one-chip computer, we can control the feedback circuit to turn the diode brighter or darker according to our willing. Utilizing the dual function of simultaneous light emission and detection of the MQW diode, the proposed MQW diode on its own can achieve real-time regulation of brightness without an external photodetector by integrating a programmed circuit.
With the expansion of human activities underwater, such as environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, and scientific data collection, there is an urgent need for a secure, reliable, and high-speed underwater wireless communication technology. Visible light communication technology, as a necessary path for future 6G high-speed wireless communication, has the advantages of high bandwidth, high confidentiality, lightweight equipment size, as well as meets the concept of carbon neutrality. With the rapid development of LED industry, LED-based visible light communication technology has also been widely used and developed, only that most of the researches are established under short distance and high-speed laboratory conditions. In view of the integration requirements of lighting and communication, as well as the serious attenuation of radio frequency communication in water that causes the limited transmission distance, and the low bandwidth of underwater acoustic communication, this paper demonstrates underwater audio transmission over 10 m distance, exploiting four blue (454 nm) LEDs at the transmitter and a photodiode at the receiver. The system uses STC15W4K60S4 microcontroller as the main control chip. The transmitter conducts low-pass filtering and signal amplification through MAX9813L and AD828, and drives LEDs to realize the conversion and transmission of electro-optic signals. The receiver uses photodiode to convert the received optical signal into an electrical signal, and generates the output signal of the audio playback device through transimpedance amplification and filter circuits. Underwater test results prove that the proposed communication system can achieve high audio transmission quality.
We propose an AlInGaAs MQWs photonics integration device with directional coupler for multifunction of light emission/detection in infrared range, and realize the device on an InP based wafer. Two identical AlInGaAs MQWdiodes, working as light emission/detection device independently, are fabricated by two-step etching process on one wafer and connected by a directional coupler. The photonic integration device is prepared by two dry etching for III-V materials and electron beam evaporation for metal electrode. The MQW-diode for emission loaded with positive bias voltage operates in transmit mode, and emits light in infrared range. The MQW-diode for detection loaded with negative bias voltage operates in receive mode, and absorbs infrared photons transmitted by directional coupler connecting the two MQW-diodes. The absorbed infrared photons leads to a change in internal electric voltage across the p-n junction of the MQW-diode for detection. The opto-electrical characterization including current–voltage and electroluminescence spectrum are conducted. The coupling performance between the two MQW-diodes is also experimentally characterized by analyzing the induced photocurrent of MQW-diode for detection. We perform finite element simulation by beam propagation method (BPM) to evaluate the light coupling performance for the directional coupler. An on-chip communication test is also conducted to demonstrate the potential application of photonics integration device for transmission optical signal in infrared range.
We propose a freestanding GaN-based integrated photonics chip with ultra-micro LED and straight waveguide for visible light communication on GaN-on-silicon platform realized by double-side process. The ultra-micro LED and waveguide is prepared by dry etching for GaN, electron beam evaporation for metal electrode, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and wet etching for SiO2. The silicon substrate under chip is totally removed by deep inductive coupled plasma (ICP) etching to realize the freestanding membrane. The ultra-micro LED emits visible light signal in blue range. The visible light signal is coupled into straight waveguide connected to ultra-micro LED, and transmitted to tip of waveguide end. The communication performance of chip is significantly influenced by the active area of LED. Ultra-micro LED could well confine the visible light signal in waveguide, and achieve greater modulation bandwidth. The technical difficulty of chip with ultra-micro LED is to make p-electrode pad on active area with ultramicro size. We realize p-electrode pad with relatively large size on ultra-micro LED with SiO2 isolation layer. Light transmission performance of chip verse current is quantitatively analyzed by measuring intensity of visible light transmitted to waveguide tip. Most of the light emitted from ultra-micro LED is well confined in straight waveguide. The light intensity of waveguide tip is strongly modulated by the geometric parameters of straight waveguide. Freespace visible light communication (VLC) test with 120Mbps random binary sequence is carried out to achieve high speed data transmission. This study provides a potential approach for GaN-based integrated photonics chip as ultramicro light source and passive optical device in visible range.
The multifunctional technology is essential for the Internet of things in which a single device can have multifunctionalities for the development of monolithic multicomponent system. GaN photonics provides a great potential to integrate photonic and electronic circuits on a single chip for modern computing system architecture. When appropriately biased, multiple quantum well (MQW) diode intrinsically exhibits the simultaneous emission-detection phenomenon because there is a spectral overlap between the electroluminescence spectra and photocurrent responsivity spectra. We come up with the Wang effect to make a fundamental interpretation of the intriguing phenomenon, and experimentally demonstrate full-duplex audio communication using the dual-functioning MQW-diode, which can simultaneously transmit and receive information using visible light.
We demonstrate a wafer-level process for achieving monolithic photonic integration of a light-emitting diode (LED) with a waveguide and photodiode on a GaN-on-silicon platform. Both silicon removal and back-side thinning are conducted to achieve a suspended device architecture. A highly confined waveguide that utilizes the large index contrast between GaN and air is used for the connection between the LED and the photodiode. The suspended waveguide is considered as an in-plane escape cone of the LED, and the photodiode is located at the other end of the waveguide. The photons emitted from the LED are transported to the photodiode through the suspended waveguide parallel to the LED surface, leading to in-plane data transport using visible light. This proof-of-concept monolithic integration paves the way towards in-plane visible light communication as well as photonic computation on a single chip.
Recently, visible light positioning has gradually become a research hotspot in indoor environments. Based on a single transmitter and a single tilted optical receiver, a three-dimensional (3-D) indoor visible light positioning system is proposed. The tilted optical receiver is installed on a rotatable and retractable platform. The 3-D space is divided many two-dimensional (2-D) planes by lifting the platform of the optical receiver. In each 2-D plane, various azimuth angles can be obtained by rotating the receiver platform, which offers a feasible way to perform multiple measurements with different azimuth angles to achieve the angle gain. According to the difference of the angle gain, a 3-D positioning algorithm is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed positioning algorithm can provide good positioning accuracy.
We present a method for distinguishing human face from high-emulation mask, which is increasingly
used by criminals for activities such as stealing card numbers and passwords on ATM. Traditional
facial recognition technique is difficult to detect such camouflaged criminals. In this paper, we use the
high-resolution hyperspectral video capture system to detect high-emulation mask. A RGB camera is
used for traditional facial recognition. A prism and a gray scale camera are used to capture spectral
information of the observed face. Experiments show that mask made of silica gel has different spectral
reflectance compared with the human skin. As multispectral image offers additional spectral
information about physical characteristics, high-emulation mask can be easily recognized.
We present a new hybrid camera system based on spatial light modulator (SLM) to capture texture-adaptive
high-resolution hyperspectral video. The hybrid camera system records a hyperspectral video with low spatial resolution
using a gray camera and a high-spatial resolution video using a RGB camera. The hyperspectral video is subsampled by
the SLM. The subsampled points can be adaptively selected according to the texture characteristic of the scene by
combining with digital imaging analysis and computational processing. In this paper, we propose an adaptive sampling
method utilizing texture segmentation and wavelet transform (WT). We also demonstrate the effectiveness of the
sampled pattern on the SLM with the proposed method.
Homoepitaxial grown InGaN/GaN p-i-n junction was deposited on GaN/Si template with AlN/GaN supperlattice as interlayer by molecular beam epitaxy. Different surface microstructure of the p-GaN was affected by the amount of Mg flux. Light-emitting diode was fabricated from the p-i-n junction. The crystal properties of InGaN/GaN p-i-n junction and the related light-emitting diode properties were investigated.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.