KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Prostate, Prototyping, Tissues, Transducers, Imaging systems, Fluctuations and noise, Data acquisition, Ultrasound tomography, Signal to noise ratio
Plane-wave, fan-beam and wide-beam ultrasound can transmit higher ultrasound energy compared to synthetic-aperture ultrasound, leading to improved signal-to-noise ratios in ultrasound reflection/scattering signals. This is particularly useful for transrectal ultrasound imaging using end-firing transrectal ultrasound probes. We conduct a phantom study to evaluate the capabilities of plane-wave, fan-beam and wide-beam ultrasound for prostate imaging. The penetration depth decreases from plane-wave to fan-beam to wide-beam ultrasound, with increasing imaging areas. We use a transrectal ultrasound prototype consisting of a 256-channel Verasonics Vantage system and a GE intracavitary curved linear array to form plane-wave, fan-beam and wide-beam ultrasound. Our imaging results of a tissue-mimicking prostate phantom show that wide-beam ultrasound produces the best imaging among the three different beams of ultrasound when using the same number of ultrasound incident angles.
Ultrasound tomography is to reconstruct tissue mechanical properties using ultrasound signals for cancer characterization. We study the capability of plane-wave ultrasound-waveform inversion to reconstruct sound-speed values of prostate tumors. Our ultrasound-waveform inversion algorithm iteratively fits synthetic ultrasound waveforms with recorded ultrasound waveforms starting from an initial model. We verify the algorithm using synthetic ultrasound data for numerical prostate phantoms consisting of multiple tumors in homogeneous and heterogeneous background prostate tissues. Our reconstruction results demonstrate that our new plane-wave transrectal ultrasound-waveform tomography has the potential to accurately reconstruct the sound-speed values of prostate tumors for cancer characterization. In addition, we build a new transrectal ultrasound tomography prototype using a 256-channel Verasonics Vantage system and a GE intracavitary curved linear array to acquire plane-wave ultrasound reflection data for transrectal ultrasound tomography.
The development of a truly smart camera, with inherent capability for low latency semi-autonomous object recognition, tracking, and optimal image capture, has remained an elusive goal notwithstanding tremendous advances in the processing power afforded by VLSI technologies. These features are essential for a number of emerging multimedia- based applications, including enhanced augmented reality systems. Recent advances in understanding of the mechanisms of biological vision systems, together with similar advances in hybrid electronic/photonic packaging technology, offer the possibility of artificial biologically-inspired vision systems with significantly different, yet complementary, strengths and weaknesses. We describe herein several system implementation architectures based on spatial and temporal integration techniques within a multilayered structure, as well as the corresponding hardware implementation of these architectures based on the hybrid vertical integration of multiple silicon VLSI vision chips by means of dense 3D photonic interconnections.
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