KEYWORDS: Visible light communication, Multiple input multiple output, Data modeling, Optical engineering, Error analysis, Engineering, Communication and information technologies
We propose an adaptive localization and channel state information (CSI) estimation model using the distance vector for indoor multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC). Under normal conditions, receivers (Rxs) require the CSI of all channels [formed by multiple transmitters (Txs) and multiple Rxs] to recover the original data, and the received signal strength (RSS) obtained from Txs, i.e., light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to predict the Rx’s location. A beacon [or pilot signal (PS)] with CSI is periodically broadcasted from each LED to MIMO Rxs for constructing the CSI matrix and measuring the RSS. However, in an abnormal condition, PSs from one or multiple Txs might not reach Rxs due to shadowing, thus resulting in a failure in positioning and data recovery. To combat this, the proposed model enables the Rx to predict its location without the need for all PSs based on the construction of the distance vectors at Rx. Simulations conducted for two scenarios of user’s mobility, i.e., lattice and random direction mobility, show a low positioning error of ∼0.1 and 0.2 m, respectively. Based on predicted positions, MIMO VLC is capable of fulfilling the CSI matrix and assists the Rx in recovering transmitted data with a very low bit error rate.
Asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) has been proposed in visible light communication (VLC) systems to overcome the dc-biased optical OFDM power consumption issue at the cost of the available electrical spectral efficiency. Due to the implementation of inverse fast Fourier transform, all the optical OFDM schemes including ACO-OFDM suffer from large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which degrades the performance in VLC systems as the light-emitting diodes used as the transmitter have a limited optical power-current linear range. To address the PAPR issue in ACO-OFDM, we introduce a unipolar-pulse amplitude modulation frequency division multiplexing by adopting the single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA). This is achieved by considering a PAM as an SC-FDMA data symbol and inserting a conjugate copy of the middle and first SC-FDMA FFT output subcarriers after the middle and last subcarriers, respectively. Simulation results show that, for the proposed scheme, the PAPR is 3.6 dB lower compared with ACO-OFDM. The PAPR improvement is further analyzed with the simulation results demonstrating that the proposed scheme offers 2.5 dB more average transmitted power compared to ACO-OFDM.
In recent years, we have seen an increased use of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for illumination in indoor environments due to their softer light compared with the conventional inorganic LEDs. In addition, OLEDs have been reported in visible light communication (VLC) systems, specifically for applications with lower data rates, such as information boards, camera communications, and positioning. However, OLEDs need extensive electrical and optical characterization if they are going to be fully exploited in VLC. We investigated characteristics of a range of flexible and rigid OLEDs and compared them with inorganic LEDs. We show that OLEDs have highly linear power–current characteristics, and compared with rigid OLEDs with beam patterns closely matching the Lambertian profile, the flexible OLED’s radiation pattern is wider. Based on the measured experimental data, a new expression for the OLED’s beam pattern, which follows the three-term Gaussian profile, is proposed. Moreover, we show that using larger size OLEDs in VLC links offers improved bit error rate performance over a wide tilting angle of up to 80 deg and a transmission path length of up to 60 cm.
The architectural issues related to growth capability, dynamicity, and bandwidth
requirements in data centres (DCs) impact the connectivity requirements. The larger the DC, the more challenging and complex the cabling becomes. The traditional approach, which is still the case for smaller DCs, uses long individual patch cords between different DC network tiers. However, in medium to large DCs, a large number of patch cords are required, which are less robust and create the prospect for problems resulting from bending, crushing and scalability. Additionally, the progression toward 40 and 100 Gbit/sec transmission rates is paving the way for parallel optics in place of serial connections. Therefore, the way forward would be to exploit the dual benefits of optical fibre and free space optical communications for both inter- and intra-rack links to address the challenges facing future DCs, in particular their energy efficiency. This hybrid optical fibre-optical wireless architecture can provide unprecedented degrees of flexibility thus offering a number features including (i) relatively easy reconfiguration of the connectivity within DC; (ii) drastically reducing the number of cable interconnections; (iii) acting as an enabler for network operators to deploy topologies that would otherwise remain impossible due to the substantial cabling complexity.
This talk gives an overview of optical wireless communications (mostly FSO), which and its use in DCs. The FSO technology is compact, low power and energy efficient, where it uses mirror arrays with flat and concave mirrors to establish links between server,
switches, rack, etc.
KEYWORDS: Turbulence, Free space optics, Signal to noise ratio, Modulation, Atmospheric optics, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric turbulence, Phase shift keying, Systems modeling, Linear filtering
Free-space optical communications (FSO) suffers from irradiance fluctuation caused by atmospheric turbulence, which results in optical power loss and consequently decreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The error performances of the FSO based on On-Off Keying (OOK), Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK), and Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) schemes in a turbulent atmosphere are presented. The received irradiance after propagating the atmosphere is modeled using the gamma-gamma distribution to evaluate the system error performance in turbulence regimes from weak to strong. The results show that, to obtain a BER of 10-6 at weak turbulence regime, ~15 dB and ~18 dB SNRs are required for BPSK and DPSK, respectively. However, for OOK with a fixed threshold of 0.5 under the same channel condition, OOK reaches an error floor greater than 10-3. The values of SNR required to achieve the same BER increase as the turbulence strength increase to moderate and strong regimes.
We propose a 2-D visible light positioning system based on the artificial neural network (ANN), where the light-emitting diodes are grouped into blocks and the block coordinates are encoded with under-sampled modulation. A camera is used to decode the block coordinate in the receiver. The receiver’s position is approximately and precisely estimated using the decoded block coordinate and a typical back propagation ANN, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme offers a mean positioning error of 1.49 cm.
We analyze the channel properties of a nonline-of-sight (NLOS) ceiling-to-device and device-to-device visible light communication systems by considering various receivers' orientation and variable fields of view (FOVs). Analyses based on the recursive indoor channel model show that for a particular transmitter configuration, the pure NLOS path can offer higher 3-dB channel bandwidth (up to 14 MHz) compared with the link with LOS and NLOS components. We also show how the receiver rotation (orientation) influences the probability of receiving signals via the NLOS path compared with the LOS and NLOS paths. Moreover, based on the experimental campaign, we demonstrate that shadowing observed at the receiver due to people’s movement results in decreased received power level (up to 1.8 dB), thus resulting in reshaping of the probability density function of received power.
We experimentally demonstrate a 2×2 optical multiple-inputs multiple-outputs (MIMO) visible light communications system based on the modified orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing/offset quadrature amplitude modulation scheme. The adjacent subcarrier frequency-domain averaging (ASFA) with the full-loaded (FL) and half-loaded (HL) preamble structures is proposed for demultiplexing and mitigating the intrinsic imaginary interference (IMI) effect. Compared with the conventional channel estimation (CE) method, ASFA offers improved transmission performance. With the FL method, we obtain more accurate MIMO CE to mitigate the IMI effect and the optical noise compared to the HL method.
We propose an experimental demonstration of visible light communication (VLC) based on interleave division multiple access (IDMA), which offers low peak-to-average power ratio, low complexity, and high robustness against multiple access interference and burst error. Bidirectional IDMA-VLC transmission is experimentally demonstrated. The experiment results indicate that IDMA offers better bit error rate performance compared with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing access.
We propose a power efficient multiple access scheme for visible light communications (VLC) based on the block interleaved frequency division multiple access (B-IFDMA) which provides large frequency-diversity, flexible bandwidth allocation, low complexity of channel equalization, and user separation. Bidirectional B-IFDMA VLC transmission is experimentally demonstrated to verify its feasibility. The impact of the number of subcarriers per block on the transmission performance under wireless optical channel is investigated.
Indoor positioning or localization based on visible light communications (VLC) is an emerging technology with wide applications. In conventional localization schemes, the trilateration technique is widely used with at least three separate lighting sources to determine the user’s location. An indoor VLC positioning scheme based on the optical power distributions of only two light emitting diodes (LEDs) is reported for different environments. We have used two received signal strength indications to determine the user’s position based on the LEDs configuration offering less complexity. We propose comprehensive mathematical models for the VLC localization system considering the noise and its impact on the user’s location, and numerically evaluated it over a range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). In addition, it is compared to the results with the exiting trilateration technique. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated with a reported accuracy of <20 cm for an SNR of >13 dB.
We propose and analyze an optimized Lambertian order (OLO) of light-emitting diode for both indoor cellular optical wireless communication and positioning systems. We carry out analysis for the system consisting of a Lambertian source and a tilted optical receiver, and develop an expression for OLO for four-, six-, and nine-cell configurations. We investigate the channel characteristics including the optical path loss, impulse response, transmission bandwidth, and positioning accuracy for the proposed systems with and without OLO, showing that there is a significant improvement in the transmission bandwidth as well as the positioning accuracy when employing OLO. For example, for a four-cell configuration with the optimum Lambertian order, 99% of cumulative distribution function of the estimation errors is within the Cramer–Rao bound (CRB) accuracy of 6.7 to 26.7 cm, compared to the CRB accuracy of 12.8 to 29.7 cm for the Lambertian order of m=1.
In this paper, two models for diffuse indoor cellular optical wireless communication (OWC) systems with and without a
holographic light shaping diffuser (LSD) are presented. For both models, the power distribution, the impulse response of
the channels and root mean square (RMS) delay are described and analyzed. We perform a computer simulation to
compare the channel characteristics of the typical indoor cellular OWC systems with that employing the holographic
LSD. The results show that the system with the holographic LSD provides a more uniform power distribution and a less
RMS delay spread for the same divergence angles.
A novel all-optical set/reset flip flop (AOFF) based on a symmetric Mach-Zehnder switch with a feedback loop and multiple forward set/reset signals is presented. The proposed flip flop has a fast response, a flat output gain, and a short switching-on interval of a few hundreds of picoseconds regardless of the associated feedback-loop delay. It is shown that a high on/off constrast ratio at the AOFF output is achieved above 20 dB.
Although tunable fiber Bragg gratings are flexible and promising solutions for dispersion compensation, but we still have the problems of variable optical communication path characteristics, environmental fluctuations and the variety of applications, that require re-design and fabrication of fiber Bragg gratings for each case. An alternative novel technique of dispersion compensation based on adaptive fiber Bragg gratings scheme would overcome these problems. In this paper three different real time adaptive dispersion compensation schemes, are introduced; scheme based on pulse shape detection, scheme based on crosscorrelation detection and scheme based on pattern recognition.
A flexible crosstalk analysis method based on scattering matrix for optical cross connect(OXC) with various topology is proposed. In this method, all components in the OXC are treated as multiple ports sub-networks represented using scattering parameters (S parameters). The crosstalk can be precisely computed using measured S parameters of every components. As an example, a 4 + 4 fiber bragg grating and optical circulator (FBG-OC) based reconfigurable nonblocking OXC is studied using the method.
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) optical cross connect (OXC) is of great importance, which has the advantages of good performance and potential low cost. Optical crosstalk plays a major role in limiting practical implementations of an OXC. Crosstalk analyses presented so far generally focus on the traditional multiplexer/demultiplexer and optical switch based OXC architecture. In this paper, optical crosstalk in multiwavelength reconfigureable nonblocking OXCs using tunable FBGs and optical circulators (OCs) is discussed. Two crosstalk mechanisms, intraband and interband, are identified and analytical models are presented. Both first-order and second-order crosstalk contributions have been studied. For the intraband crosstalk, results show that the worst case coherent crosstalk is the dominant crosstalk, which is ~ 23 - 25 dB higher than the incoherent crosstalk, depending on the switching states of the 2 x 2 OXCs. For the interband crosstalk, results show that it is nonaccumulative and becomes very small with the increase of the number of fibers or the cascaded stages of 2 x 2 OXCs. However it deteriorates with the increase of the number of wavelengths per fiber.
Growing demands for bandwidth have stimulated the development of high-speed optical shared media networks. At present, most research on optical networking has concentrated on wavelength- division multiplexing (WDM). Optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) is considered as an alternative to WDM offering data rates greater than 100 Gb/s using just a single wavelength. In such systems all optical routers, which overcomes the bottleneck of optoelectronic conversion, play an important role. This paper investigates TOAD based 1 X 4 optical router by developing a mathematical model. The proposed model is simulated and results for crosstalk are presented and compared with 1 X 2 router.
The current trends within ultra high-speed optical time division multiplexed (OTDM) based communication systems dictate the increasing need for all optical buffering systems. Such systems inherently avoid the bottlenecks associated with opto-electrical (O/E) and electro-optical conversions (E/O)1. These buffers would enable the storage of data for discrete time intervals, and are necessary for many OTDM applications. Storage time limitations within passive recirculating fiber loop buffers are mainly due to the dispersive, nonlinear and loss properties of the fiber. These result in both amplitude decay and pulse spreading which may have a detrimental effect on data integrity. In this paper, we examine the propagation of both standard soliton and Gaussian-soliton shaped pulses within a recirculating fiber loop buffer. The simulation model is based on the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) and accounts for fiber loss within the communications channel. At this stage pulse interactions are not considered and direct modulation of the launched pulses is assumed. Simulation results for bit error rate performance at different buffer loop numbers is presented.
In this paper we have developed a model of an all optical router based on the terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD). The model architecture is based on a system which has as its input on OTDM packet containing header and payload information. The model simulates extraction of header information from the data stream using one TOAD, which is subsequently used to make a routing decision. The payload information is routed through a second TOAD according to the information contained in the header.
12 In this paper, we present a study of dual header-pulse interval modulation (DH-PIM) scheme for optical wireless communications. System theory and code properties of DH-PIM are discussed and expressions for the power spectral density, slow and packet error rates and optical power requirements are presented. The problem of baseline wander is also studied. The performance of DH-PIM is compared with other modulation schemes such as on-off keying (OOK), pulse position modulation (PPM), differential pulse position modulation and digital pulse interval modulation. We show that, DH-PIM offers higher bit rate and has a built-in frame synchronization capability. For a simple threshold detector receiver, it offers improved error performance compared with OOK, but marginally inferior performance compared with PPM. The optimum system performance in terms of optical power and bandwidth requirements is achieved at bit resolution of 5.
12 A hybrid pulse interval modulation--code-division multiple- access (PIM-CDMA) is proposed for optical wireless communication systems. It offers higher transmission rate compared with the hybrid pulse position modulation (PPM)-- CDMA due to its non-fixed frame structure. Strict optical orthogonal code is used as a signature sequence located at the start each frame. Expressions for bit error rate are given for both PPM-CDMA and PIM-CDMA schemes, assuming that the dominant noise and interference are due to the self- interference and optical multiple access interference. The numerical results are compared with both PPM-CDMA and OOK- CDMA, and it shows that the proposed scheme is a viable scheme for optical wireless communications.
One of the major problems associated with high-speed optical time division multiplexed soliton transmission systems is the timing jitter error associated with individual soliton pulses. The two physical effects that cause soliton jitters are the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in in- line optical amplifiers and soliton interaction. While soliton interaction is negligible when the duty cycle of transmitted pulses is small enough, the root-mean-square (rms) soliton jitter due to culminated ASE noise is a fundamental factor that limits the bit-rate distance product in high-speed long-haul data transmission systems. Soliton jitter is detrimental to all-optical time division demultiplexing as it would manifest itself into a relative intensity noise in the data recovery process at the optical receiver. This paper investigates the possibility of minimizing the ASE-induced soliton jitter by changing the spacing between in-line optical amplifiers. It is found that the rms soliton jitter decreases with the amplifier spacing and the minimum soliton jitter can be attained in the case of distributed amplification. These results have significant implications to all-optical time division demultiplexing in the sense of taking into account the amplifier spacing in the process of optimizing system parameters to achieve minimum power penalty of the all-optical demultiplexer. The optical demultiplexer used in the analysis is a non-linear optical loop mirror.
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is making a major impact on current high-speed optical communications and configurable network applications. Its counterpart optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) promises high-speed short pulse transmission with the fiber capacity utilized more efficiently. This paper looks at simulations of OTDM data in a time division demultiplexer. The system used to demultiplex the data is the Asymmetric Semiconductor laser Amplifier Loop Mirror (ASLALOM) which is capable of selecting high-speed optical pulses within a data train. The authors use a model of the ASLALOM which includes a time and space analysis of a traveling wave semiconductor laser amplifier. Our investigations show that this system produces crosstalk that is dependent on the data rate, which we analyzed over a range of 200 to 300 Gbit/s. Investigations also show that the crosstalk profile is dependent of the control pulse energy. We also investigate the effect of the switching window width and note two types of crosstalk are evident. The control pulse rate is varied and the effect analyzed.
A bit error rate (BER) analysis for the Non-linear Optical Loop Mirror (NOLM) demultiplexer is presented using a combined optical receiver and NOLM model. The control pulse used in the NOLM model is assumed to be of soliton shape in order to obtain a flat-top switching window to reduce the effect of timing jitter between the control and signal pulses. The NOLM model is incorporated into an optical receiver model for a bit error rate (BER) analysis. It is found that noise due to timing jitter, cross-talk and BER are strongly dependent on the walk-off time between the control and signal pulses in the NOLM demultiplexer. Results show that the power penalty of a NOLM demultiplexer using a soliton control pulse can be minimized with an optimum value of walk-off time. In addition the cross-talk of the Terahertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer (TOAD) has been investigated using a TOAD model. Simulation results show that the cross-talk of a TOAD increases as the asymmetry time is increased. A comparison of the two devices for 100 Gb/s demultiplexing shows that the cross-talk of a TOAD (with an optical amplifier recovery time of 300 ps) is at least 3 dB lower than that of NOLM for maximum demultiplexed output.
Vapor detection has been realized by the shift of the whole surface plasmon resonance (SPR) curve under dynamic state of adsorption as well as by measuring SPR reflectivity signal at a fixed angle of incidence. Selective, fast and reversible adsorption of the vapor molecules has been observed. The increase of both film thickness and refractive index of spun films during adsorption are found to correspond to the calixarenes behavior and may be explained by capturing of guest molecules in the film matrix, followed by their condensation. A model of the vapor registration system has been established and we also report in this paper on the extent of the selectivity, thus leading to the establishment of a sensor array.
This paper presents a study of digital pulse interval modulation (DPIM) as a candidate modulation scheme for optical wireless communications. DPIM code characteristics are discussed and the theoretical error probability performance of DPIM is analyzed in terms of the packet error rate. Performance comparisons are made with the more established techniques of on-off keying and pulse position modulation (PPM). We show that, for a simple threshold detector based receiver, DPIM can out perform PPM in terms of bandwidth efficiency and power efficiency, by taking advantage of its inherent variable symbol duration. Practical results are given for an experimental system in the form of eye diagrams. The use of a coding scheme with a non-uniform symbol duration does have implications for system design, which are discussed in the paper.
Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of the amphiphilic, metal free, phthalocyanine 1,4-di(4-hydroxybutyl)-8,11,15,18,22,25- isopentyllphthalocyanine (A40iso5H2) have been deposited onto a hydrophobically treated glass side. Extrapolation of the pressure-area isotherm shows the area per molecule to be approximately 161 angstroms2, which is consistent with similar phthalocyanines. The relationship between absorption and film thickness was studied by measuring the absorption spectra of increasing numbers of monolayers. A mathematical program was used to fit the absorption peaks and hence allow calculation of the phthalocyanine molecule angle on the substrate surface in the characteristic herringbone structure. Measurement of the diffuse reflectance spectra enabled a calculation of the refractive index and extinction coefficient to be made across a range of wavelengths. The step structure of the films was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope to investigate film homogeneity at the boundary and across the film surface. The films were deposited onto a layer of gold in order to excite surface plasmons with a 632.8 nm He-Ne laser. The optical constants of the LB films were determined at this wavelength from the surface plasmon curves using a fitting procedure. The results obtained at 632.8 nm were compared with the values calculated from spectroscopic data, and found to be in good agreement.
A novel digital pulse interval modulation scheme, a new form of pulse time modulation format, suitable for optical communication systems has been proposed. In this paper we present equations for the probability of error as a function of carrier-to-noise ratio for direct detection scheme along with theoretical and practical results illustrating the potential of this new modulation technique for optical fiber communication systems.
Subcarrier multiplexed (SCM) optical network s offer a near to medium term alternative solution over high cost, evolving digital technology to distribute broadband services. Majority of existing systems are based on analogue optical transmission techniques and their principle disadvantage is the sensitivity to noise and system nonlinearities. Therefore, conventional SCM systems impose stringent noise and linearity requirements and as a result their performance is limited. A simple and attractive solution is to introduce an appropriate second stage modulator in order to improve the receiver sensitivity, hence the system performance.In this paper a SCM optical transmission system employing pulse position modulation as a second stage modulator, for transmission of video, audio and data channels is reported. Signal to noise ratio measurements obtained shows an improvement in optical receiver sensitivity compared with standard SCM systems.
A new form of pulse time modulation, termed digital pulse interval modulation (DPIM) is introduced in this paper, exhibiting improved performance and relaxed timing constraints compared to digital pulse position modulation (DPPM). Theoretical expressions are presented for transmission capacity, code characteristics and power spectral density, along with measurements from a simple experimental prototype, illustrating the advantages of the new scheme.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Data communications, Signal to noise ratio, Binary data, Fiber optic communications, Digital modulation, Receivers, Optical communications, Telecommunications, Signal detection
This paper investigates the implementation of a new digital pulse time modulation technique based on digital pulse interval and width modulation scheme. Original expressions are presented for power spectral density, code characterization and channel capacity, illustrating the advantages of this technique compared with conventional pulse code modulation. Both theoretical and practical results are given showing close agreement.
Subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) is an attractive technique to deliver broadband services over optical fibers. The existing SCM systems employ an analogous signal for optical transmission and their performance is limited. Pulse time modulation (PTM) is an intermediate technique which offers high performance at a low cost in optical transmission systems. In this paper we present two popular PTM techniques suitable for SCM systems. Theoretical predictions and practical measurements have been used to evaluate system performance. The technique employed has improved the dynamic range and the optical power budget, compared to conventional systems.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Control systems, Telecommunications, Receivers, Amplifiers, Data transmission, Fermium, Frequency modulation, Transmitters, Logic
Application of classical control techniques to a wideband fiber data transmission system employing pulse time modulation (PTM) has resulted in a significant improvement to dc performance. The method is applicable to many other high-speed data systems requiring improved dc behavior.
Simplicity, low cost circuitry, and good performance makes pulse time modulation (PTM) transmission an attractive alternative to counterparts in many applications. PTM transmission presents the system designer with a broad selection of modulation options, each with different transmission properties and multiplexing capabilities. This paper reports an experimental hybrid (or combined) multiplexing technique over optical fiber cable at 1.3 micrometers .
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Distortion, Signal to noise ratio, Demodulation, Linear filtering, Channel projecting optics, Signal processing, Receivers, Frequency modulation, Telecommunications
A principal factor in realizing a high-performance bandwidth-efficient fiber communication system at an acceptable cost is the choice of modulation format on the optical carrier. In this context pulse time modulation (PTM) techniques represent an attractive alternative to purely digital or analogue methods. This paper reviews the PTM family and explores their potential for use in high-speed fiber systems intended for transmission of analogue data.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Frequency modulation, Optical fibers, Fermium, Signal to noise ratio, Multiplexing, Video, Televisions, Signal processing, Computer programming
Transmission of high definition TV signals over optical fibres will require a careful choice of modulation technique in order to avoid unnecessary bandwidth overhead penalties . This paper reports preliminary results from the use of squarewave frequency modulation in two different optical fibre systems intended for operation with such signals.
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