Hyperspectral images are constantly improving their spectral resolution and spatial resolution,so utilizing hyperspectral images for object detection has become a research hotspot in the field of hyperspectral remote sensing. Anomaly detection is the main way to achieve object detection. Abnormal targets in hyperspectral images are usually composed of a few pixels (or even sub-pixel) that are clearly different from the surrounding background pixels. Compared with the background, abnormal targets have two characteristics: spectral anomaly and spatial anomaly. Traditional hyperspectral image anomaly detection methods only utilize spectral anomalies and ignore spatial anomalies between pixels. Hyperspectral images can be represented by third-order tensors, where the first two orders of the third-order tensor are used to represent the spatial dimension of the image (i.e. the height and width of the image), and the third order is used to represent the spectral dimension. Therefore, tensor decomposition can simultaneously represent the spatial and spectral features of anomalous targets. This paper proposes a new anomaly detection method based on tensor decomposition and information entropy. This method is mainly divided into three steps. Firstly, a third-order tensor is used to represent the cube of the detected hyperspectral image, and the Tucker decomposition of the third-order tensor is applied to the detected hyperspectral image. Secondly, the background information in the detected hyperspectral image is removed using information entropy, and the remaining feature components are reconstructed into the hyperspectral image. Thirdly, the RX algorithm is used to detect anomalies in the reconstructed hyperspectral image. Compared with methods based on spectral anomalies, this method has better detection efficiency.
A spectrometer is a type of apparatus that measures the intensity of spectra at different wavelengths utilizing dispersive components and detectors. In recent years, with the increase of application scenarios and demands in scientific research and industrial fields, researchers have make efforts in the miniaturization of spectrometers and there have been many new developments. Among them, the application of metalenses in spectrometers has made great progress. As a kind of two-dimensional subwavelength microstructure, metalens can flexibly control the phase, amplitude and polarization of electromagnetic wave. On account of its small size, light weight and planar characteristics, researches have been conducted to replace conventional optical components with metalens. In this paper, we introduce the design principle of metalenses, and summerize different kinds of miniaturized spectrometers using metalenses, focusing on the dispersion mechanism, optical characteristics and performance of efficiency of these spectrometer system. These applications of metalenses to spectrometers take advantage of their refraction, differaction and polarization characteristics and can be beneficial to exploit other complex functions. We discuss current challenges, potential application fields and promising future developments of metalens design for spectral analysis.
The most significant shortage of the Dyson spectrometer is that the small clearance among the slit, image plane and the hemisphere lens makes the spectrometer difficult to assembly. To solve this problem, several approaches have been proposed. Such as inserting additional aspherical lenses in the optical path to enlarge the image distance, or using a fused silica lens and incorporates a built-in fold mirror to allow the detector sufficient clearance from the slit. In this paper, a Dyson imaging spectrometer with freeform surface has been designed. The freeform surface is used to enlarge clearance distance and compensate the large residual aberration without additional lenses. The design starts from a sphere Dyson system, and then the freeform surfaces are applied to optimize the initial configuration by the use of optical software. The design results show that the Dyson imaging spectrometer with freeform surfaces have great optical performance and easy to mounting which is crucial for development in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics remote sensing.
Hyperspectral imager can obtain both spatial information and spectral information at the same time, which is widely used in agriculture, biomedicine, environment monitoring. At present, hyperspectral imager is developing in the direction of lightweight, miniaturization and low power consumption. The miniaturization of hyperspectral imager includes the miniaturization of optical system and the miniaturization of detector system. In this paper, a miniaturization hyperspectral imager based on CMOS detector is proposed. The working range of is 400-1000nm, which contains 512 spectral bands. The field angle of hyperspectral imager is ±4 degree and the focal length is 99mm. The optical system consists of the telescope, the slit and the spectrometer. Considering the miniaturization of optical system, the spectrometer uses prism-grating spectroscopy. The CMOS sensor GSENSE400BSI is used in the detector system, whose pixel size is 11 micron*11 micron and pixel number is 2048*2048.The detector system consists of an imaging core board and an interface board, and the image output is Cameralink interface. Because of the high integration of CMOS sensor, the design of peripheral circuit can be greatly simplified. The total weight of the hyperspectral imager is not more than 2.5kg and the total power consumption is not more than 5W.The spectral imaging system has the advantages of lightweight, miniaturization and low power consumption. After testing, the spectrometer has good imaging quality.
Payload simulation technology is a method to simulate the various working modes and working states of real payloads through a mathematical model, so that people can know better the drawbacks of the payload under certain working conditions before the payload is manufactured. It is significant for payload manufacture, because it can discover the potential design flaws and guides the design of the optical remote sensor, provides a reference for the manufacture and performance evaluation of the remote sensor further. In the simulation procession, the optical imaging system aberrations are fully considered, and the dynamic characterization model of the aberration and optical imaging system performance degradation is established. The comparison between the simulation data and the experimental sample acquisition data proves the correctness of the simulation procession.
The stereoscopic spectral imager combines the space technology and the spectrum technology, which can obtain the three-dimensional information and the spectral information of the target at the same time. A compact stereoscopic spectral imaging system is proposed in this paper. The stereoscopic spectral imaging system works at the wavelength range from 450 to 1000nm. The optical system consists of three telescopes and a spectrometer. The stereoscopic spectral imaging system uses the compact design of the shared spectrometer and detector, which effectively saves the volume weight and the cost of the system, and realizes the requirement of lightweight miniaturization. One of the three telescopes is perpendicular to the earth, the other two observe forward and rear along the direction of the flight. The side angle is 27 degree. The Offner-Chrisp imaging spectrometer based on curved surface prism is used in the system. Curved prism is a special optical element, which can effectively reduce the size of the system, reduce the spectral curvature and improve the performance of the system. The MTF values of all wavelengths at 46lp/mm are greater than 0.6 and the results demonstrated the good performance of the optical design. The stereoscopic spectral imaging system can achieve high-resolution imaging under the condition of wide spectral segment, has the high energy utilization efficiency and can obtain the spectral information in real time.
A novel shortwave infrared imaging spectrometer based on free-form has been presented .The method was proposed for the requirement of lightweight and wide swath for aerospace loads .The theory of aberration was analyzed based on offner structure. Simulations have been performed by software to confirm the methods. The imaging spectrometer was designed with spectrum (950-2500nm), focal length of 70mm, and field view of 20 degrees. The pixel size is 15 microns. The performance shows the spectral resolution is better than 11nm, the spectral keystone is less than 1nm, the MTF< 0.5@33lp/mm .
Wide field of view (FOV) can provide the high efficiency of remote sensing. In this paper, the optical fiber array is used to connect the telescope and the spectrometer, which makes the configuration of the imaging spectrometer flexible and compact with large FOV. In the proposed system, the optical fiber array is coupled with slit, and relay the image of the slit into the several spectrometers with short field or several parallel fields in a single spectrometer. The optical fiber array can avoid the problems of linear array of imaging fiber bundles without slit, such as manufacture difficulty of the single row fiber bundles, breakage of fiber and the difficulty of alignment the fiber with the pixels of detector. The optical design of the telescope based on TMA and the imaging spectrometer based on Fery prism are detailed in this paper. Moreover, the pushbroom scan experiment demonstrates the feasibility of the optical fiber array in the imaging spectrometer.
High resolution and large relative aperture have been urgent demands for the development of spectrometer. A design method of freeform was presented based on offner structure, The design of large relative aperture was realized by multi variables of freeform surface, the energy of system was doubled. The simulation was carried out by the methods. Spectrum of the system is 400~1000nm, the relative aperture is 1/2.4, the length of the slit is 20mm, and the number of spectral is 213. Based on the aberration theory, the system was optimized and the processing feasibility was analyzed. The analysis results show that the optical MTF of each wavelength is more than 0.7@42lp/mm, and the structure was compact. The system has the feasibility of processing and meets the needs of remote sensing.
The prototype of compact light-weighted hyperspectral imager based on the compact Offnerspectrometer is introduced. Two curved prisms are designed to disperse the incident light in the optical system with the benefits of low smile, keystone and lateral distortion. It has 148 spectral bands covering spectral range from 420 to 1000nm, the ground sampling distance is 50m@700km, and the swath width is 100km. But the weight is only 12.8kg, the outer dimensions are 362mm (X)* 343mm (Z)*139 mm (Y). As prisms are used for imaging spectrometer, the spectral sampling distance varies with wavelength. The width of the spectral response function varies from 1nm to 12nm. The mean bandwidth is less than 5nm. The sensor has achieved high performance levels in terms of signal to noise ratio(SNR), spectral calibration and image quality. It can be used for environmental and disaster monitoring.
A non-contact heart rate detection method based on the dual-wavelength technique is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The heart rate is obtained based on the PhotoPlethysmoGraphy (PPG). Each detection module uses the reflection detection probe which is composed of the LED and the photodiode. It is a well-known fact that the differences in the circuits of two detection modules result in different responses of two modules for motion artifacts. It will cause a time delay between the two signals. This poses a great challenge to compensate the motion artifacts during measurements. In order to solve this problem, we have firstly used the time registration and translated the signals to ensure that the two signals are consistent in time domain. Then the adaptive filter is used to compensate the motion artifacts. Moreover, the data obtained by using this non-contact detection system is compared with those of the conventional finger blood volume pulse (BVP) sensor by simultaneously measuring the heart rate of the subject. During the experiment, the left hand remains stationary and is detected by a conventional finger BVP sensor. Meanwhile, the moving palm of right hand is detected by the proposed system. The data obtained from the proposed non-contact system are consistent and comparable with that of the BVP sensor. This method can effectively suppress the interference caused by the two circuit differences and successfully compensate the motion artifacts. This technology can be used in medical and daily heart rate measurement.
The primary mirror is an important optical component of space camera. Its performance related to the optical image quality, and the weight directly affects the whole camera weight. The traditional design of primary mirror relies on much experience, lacking of precise theory, and many design parameters obtained by empirical formulas, thus the performance of the result is unstable. For this study, a primary mirror made of SiC with the diameter of 700mm was conceptual designed to get the optimized structure. Then sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the optimum thickness of the back muscles. Finally, the optimum primary mirror fully satisfied the required was completed, with outstanding mechanical performance and light weight. A comparison between the optimum primary and traditional primary was performed and the results showed that the optimum primary has higher lightweight ratio increased by 5%, higher modal frequency increased by 81Hz.The maximum deformation under gravity reduced by 48nm, PV of the mirror surface reduced by 8.1nm and RMS reduced by 3.1nm. All the results indicated that the optimization method in the paper is reasonable and effective, which gives a reference to the primary mirror design in the future.
The Offner-Chrisp spectrometer is the preferred optical configuration in many spectroscopic imaging applications because it has several advantages over other similar instruments. Freeform surfaces enable imaginative optics by providing abundant degrees of freedom for an optical designer as compared to spherical surfaces, and offer many advantages in imaging application. An Offner-Chrisp imaging spectrometer with freeform surfaces is designed in this paper. The imaging spectrometer works at the wavelength range from 200 to 1500nm. The freeform surfaces are used to reduce the residual aberration over the large wavelength range and achieve a large flat field simultaneously. Different types of freeform surfaces are considered to evaluate their potential, e.g. anamorphic aspherical surface, X-Y polynomial surface and Zernike polynomial surface. Benefits from the freeform surfaces, the residual aberrations are well corrected, especially in the UV region and a flat field over the wide wavelength range is also obtained. The image quality is near diffraction limits. The smile and keystone are also well controlled <0.1μm.
In order to reduce the volume and quality of the imaging system , and to improve spectral resolution and achieve large dispersion width with large field of view .A novel modified imaging system is presented. In this system, the second Fery prism combined reflection with twice dispersion, the beam passes through the prism twice to be dispersed. Therefore, the system realizes compact miniature compared with conventional one. The system overcomes the disadvantages of making convex grating and serious spectral overlapping effectively. This paper presents the results of design, the results show that the structure corrects spectral bending and spectral smiles, which satisfies the requirements of airborne imaging spectrometer.
Spectral curvature (smile effect) is universally existed in dispersive imaging spectrometer. Since most image processing systems considered all spatial pixels having the same wavelength, spectral curvature destroys the response consistence of the radiation energy in spatial dimension, it is necessary to correct the spectral curvature based on the spectral calibration data of the imaging spectrometer. Interpolation is widely used in resampling the measured spectra at the non-offset wavelength, but it is not versatile because the accuracy is different due to the spectral resolution changed. In the paper, we introduce the inverse distance weighted(IDW) method in spectrum resampling. First, calculate the Euclidean distance between the non-offset wavelength and the points near to it, the points number can be two, three, four or five, as many as you define. Then use the Euclidean distance to calculate the weight value of these points. Finally calculate the radiation of non-offset wavelength using the weight value and its corresponding radiation. The results turned out to be effective with the practical data acquired by the instrument, and it has the characteristics of versatility, simplicity, and fast.
The images obtained by large aperture static imaging spectrometer (LASIS) are two dimensional images which contain interference information. The acquisition of different places’ interferogram needs to pushbroom the whole field of view. Because of the instability of the pushbroom platform, the original LASIS image registration is required, and the interferogram after registration is no longer consistent with equal interval interference. The spectral information will be severely distorted while a fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used for the direct extraction of the interferogram. In view of the above problems, this paper introduces a method based on phase correlation, and proposes an adaptive fast interpolation algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method can recover the spectral information well when the registration accuracy is sufficient.
The principle of all types of spectrometers and structural features are studied , a new metrhod to design prism
spectrometer system with wide field of view is proposed ,which is based on the offner struture .This type of spectrometer
allows twice dispersion through the same prism.Compared with the traditional dispersive spectrometer system ,which
can be greater dispersion width and smaller volume.Compared with the gating spectrometer ,which overcomes low
diffracion efficiency,spectrum overlapping, ghosts, low SIR and other shortcomings. Finally, the design results were
analyzed, and the image quality was evaluated.The results from the design anslysis showed the spectrometer has a
smaller spectrum bending ,the MTF of the system at different wavelengths is close to the diffraction limit and the design
meets the requirements .
As a novel detection approach which simultaneously acquires two-dimensional visual picture and one-dimensional
spectral information, spectral imaging offers promising applications on biomedical imaging, conservation and
identification of artworks, surveillance of food safety, and so forth. A novel moderate-resolution spectral imaging system
consisting of merely two optical elements is illustrated in this paper. It can realize the function of a relay imaging system
as well as a 10nm spectral resolution spectroscopy. Compared to conventional prismatic imaging spectrometers, this
design is compact and concise with only two special curved prisms by utilizing two reflective surfaces. In contrast to
spectral imagers based on diffractive grating, the usage of compound-prism possesses characteristics of higher energy
utilization and wider free spectral range. The seidel aberration theory and dispersive principle of this special prism are
analyzed at first. According to the results, the optical system of this design is simulated, and the performance evaluation
including spot diagram, MTF and distortion, is presented. In the end, considering the difficulty and particularity of
manufacture and alignment, an available method for fabrication and measurement is proposed.
Coded aperture spectral imaging is a new system to captures multiframes images and reconstructs them into spectral
image cube based on compressive sensing theory (CS). However, using dynamic transformed coded aperture pattern can
cause two primary problems, firstly the whole exposure procedure needs to be staring on the same surface feature which
is depended on a high quality stable platform; secondly the coded aperture’s transformation might reduce the system’s
stability. To avoid these problems without a loss of information for precise reconstruction, in the paper we propose
dividing the single image panel into encoding spatial overlapped sub-districts. We design a pushbroom scan pattern to
ensure each sub-district have enough sampling measurements. In each sub-district, we infer its measurement matrix can
satisfy the sparsely requirements needed for accurate estimation and final reconstruction with CS sampling. Considering
with efficiency and accuracy, we design a orthogonal self-loop coding mask (lines irrelevant) to guarantee the coding are
irrelevant among distinct snapshot of the same scene. The simulation experiment reveals the design helping reconstruct
the scene spectral cube with high throughput and resolution.
In order to meet the needs of space borne and airborne hyperspectral imaging system for light weight, simplification and high spatial resolution, a novel design of Féry-prism hyperspectral imaging system based on Zemax multi-configuration method is presented. The novel structure is well arranged by analyzing optical monochromatic aberrations theoretically, and the optical structure of this design is concise. The fundamental of this design is Offner relay configuration, whereas the secondary mirror is replaced by Féry-prism with curved surfaces and a reflective front face. By reflection, the light beam passes through the Féry-prism twice, which promotes spectral resolution and enhances image quality at the same time. The result shows that the system can achieve light weight and simplification, compared to other hyperspectral imaging systems. Composed of merely two spherical mirrors and one achromatized Féry-prism to perform both dispersion and imaging functions, this structure is concise and compact. The average spectral resolution is 6.2nm; The MTFs for 0.45~1.00um spectral range are greater than 0.75, RMSs are less than 2.4um; The maximal smile is less than 10% pixel, while the keystones is less than 2.8% pixel; image quality approximates the diffraction limit. The design result shows that hyperspectral imaging system with one modified Féry-prism substituting the secondary mirror of Offner relay configuration is feasible from the perspective of both theory and practice, and possesses the merits of simple structure, convenient optical alignment, and good image quality, high resolution in space and spectra, adjustable dispersive nonlinearity. The system satisfies the requirements of airborne or space borne hyperspectral imaging system.
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