Omega2000 is the first near infrared (NIR) wide field camera installed on the 3.5 m telescope at Calar Alto which operates with a 2kx2k HAWAII-2 FPA. Each component of the camera system must suit high requirements to exploit the facilities provided by the imaging sensor. To meet these requirements was a great challenge in design and realization of the optics, the mechanical part and the electronics. The cryogenic optical system with a warm mirror baffle can produce excellent optical quality and high sensitivity over the whole 15.4x15.4 arcmin field of view. The readout electronics together with the camera control software provide multi functional data acquisition and the camera control software can perform the readout and on-line data reduction simultaneously at a high data rate. Different operational and readout modes of the data acquisition of the detector both for engineering and scientific purpose were implemented, tested and optimized and the characteristics of three HAWAII-2 detectors were also determined
in their hardware and software environment. Initial astronomical
observations were carried out successfully in autumn 2003.
Omega2000 is a prime focus near infrared (NIR) wide-field camera for the 3.5 meter telescope at Calar Alto/Spain. Having a large field of view and an excellent optical quality, the instrument is particularly designed for survey observations. A cryogenic four lens focal reducer delivers a 15.4 x 15.4 arcminute field of view (FOV) with a pixel scale of 0.45"/pixel. The lenses are made of various optical materials, including CaF2 and BaF2 with diameters of up to 150 mm. They must be specially mounted to survive cooling and to follow the tight tolerances (± 0.05 mm for lens centricity and ± 30 arcsec for lens tilt) required by the optical design. For a wide range of observing applications, a filter mechanism can hold up to 17 filters of 3 inch diameter in 3 filter wheels. For exact and reproducible filter positions, a mechanical locking mechanism has been developed which also improves the cool-down performance of the filter wheels and filters. This mechanism allows a minimum distance of about 3 mm between the filter wheels. A Rockwell HAWAII-2 FPA is used to cover the wavelength range from 0.85 μm to 2.4 μm. Special care has been taken with regard to the thermal coupling of the detector. The thermal connection is made by gold layers on the fanout board and an additional spring-loaded mechanism. A warm mirror baffle system has been developed, in order to minimize the thermal background for K band observations. The camera is a focal reducer only and has no cold pupil stop.
The ligand, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10- tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid, ethyl ester) (DOTPME) was made membrane permeable by preparing its acetoxymethyl (AM) derivative (DOTPME-AM). The synthetic approach was to prepare the AM ester of the phosphonate side-chain prior to attachment to the macrocyclic ring. P NMR was used to demonstrate that DOTPME-AM can penetrate cell membranes, get hydrolyzed by cellular esterases to regenerate charged DOTPME, and hence become trapped inside cells. This technology offers the potential of designing Ca2+ and Mg2+ specific ligands for analytical, noninvasive measurement of these ions by 31P NMR.
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