Spontaneous parametric down conversion in nonlinear material is widely exploited to generate entangled photon pairs in quantum optics experiments and applications, including quantum computing and communication. Periodically poled thin film lithium niobate (PPTFLN) has emerged as a promising platform for efficient entangled photon pair generation, offering enhanced nonlinear interaction through quasi-phase matching (QPM) and tight confinement of light. However, achieving optimal performance requires careful control of the QPM condition since the waveguide in TFLN is highly dispersive to changes in the geometric parameter. In this study, we fabricate PPTFLN rib waveguides to generate entangled photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths, varying geometric parameters. QPM condition is confirmed with the second harmonic generation experiments and Pair generation rate and coincidence-to-accidental count ratio are also estimated by temporal coincidence measurement. Digital etching process is introduced to control the QPM condition, resulting in incremental peak wavelength shift by discrete etching step. This is expected to contribute to synchronizing wavelength of quantum nodes.
Time-bin entangled photons have previously been utilized for advanced quantum communication protocols such as quantum state teleportation or entanglement swapping, thus showing the potential of realizing a quantum internet. For such protocols, intricate feedback systems are essential to preserve quantum information during distribution, and require different forms of state preparation that can incorporate the feedback in quantum state generation. We use different methods of state preparation via arbitrary waveform generators and PLC MachZehnder type interferometers, and entangle the states by SPDC using commercial lithium niobate waveguides to create time-bin entangled photon pairs. Quantum state tomography is conducted on each method to evaluate their effectiveness in generating states suitable for quantum communication protocols.
Polymer-based flexible Cu stripe optical waveguides have been developed to configure a board-level optical
interconnection. By embedding Cu stripe in a dual slab waveguide with high refractive-index contrast, the field of the
guided mode is confined more in the two dielectric core layers. Thus, significant reduction of the propagation and
vertical bending loss are expected. The fabricated Cu plasmonic waveguide is flexible enough to be bent down to a
radius of 0.5 mm. The measured optical properties are satisfactory for very short distance board-level optical
interconnection. Based on the experimental results, we concluded that hybrid Cu plasmonic waveguides have a great
potential to be developed as a means of optical signal guiding medium in the optical interconnections.
We developed a simple and accurate method for measuring the refractive indices of transparent plates by analyzing the
transmitted fringe pattern as a function of angle of incidence. By using two different wavelengths, we resolved the 2π-
ambiguity inherent to the phase measurement involving a thick medium, leading to independent determination of the
absolute index of refraction and the thickness with a relative uncertainty smaller than 10-5 for a 1 mm-thick fused silica plate. The accuracy of our method was confirmed with a standard reference material.
In this paper we present a novel ultra-high-speed polymer electro-optic modulator that incorporates high permittivity
material cladding on the side walls of the device. We show that by packing the side walls of the modulator with this
material and varying the width of the dielectric stack and electrodes that broadband operation can be achieved whilst
maintaining a very low drive voltage in a compact device. The full-wave finite element analysis is employed in order to
determine any frequency dispersion effects with respect to the modulators half-wave voltage-length product,
characteristic impedance, microwave effective index and microwave dielectric losses.
Chirped Bragg gratings can be utilized in various application regions due to their characteristic spectral and
group delay responses. Chirped Bragg gratings based on the planar waveguide technology can present several
advantages over chirped fiber Bragg gratings. We have proposed and demonstrated that the chirp characteristics
of waveguide Bragg grating (WBG) devices can be tailored by adopting specifically tapered core profiles. On the
ground of our analytical and experimental results, we established the dependence of the modal effective index
on the core width. Using the relationship, we designed and fabricated polymeric WBG devices with precisely
controlled linear chirp parameters. Then, one of the fabricated WBG device was packaged and applied to tunable
dispersion compensation (TDC) for 40-Gbps optical signal transmission. It was ascertained that the optical signal
quality was significantly improved by tuning the operation condition of the packaged TDC module.
Replication technologies have been recommended as an alternative means of high volume manufacturing of the polymer
optical components with low-cost. We demonstrated replication technology as a means of implementing polymer-based
MOEMS. To achieve this, a polymer optical bench with embedded electric circuits was designed to integrate the
functional planar-lightwave-circuit (PLC)-type optical waveguide devices; the designed packaging structures were
realized using a novel fabrication process that incorporated the UV imprint technique. In addition, the detail fabrication
steps of the UV imprint process were investigated. The optical bench has v-grooves for the fiber ribbon and the
alignment pits for opoelectronic interconnection. The plastic mold for imprinting the designed optical bench was made of
UV-transparent perfluorinated polymer material. The designed optical bench was configured on the electric-circuitpatterned
silicon substrate. Flip-chip bonded polymer optical waveguide device showed not only a good electric contact
but also a coupling loss of 0.9 dB at a wavelength of 1.5 ?m. It was concluded that replication technology has versatile
application capabilities in manufacturing next generation optical interconnect systems.
Despite many advantages toward nonlinear optical (NLO) waveguide devices, NLO polymers have not been adopted successfully into practical wavelength converters due to their high absorption losses. Empirical and theoretical understandings about NLO susceptibilities imply the fundamental trade-off between optical absorption and nonlinearity. Our theoretical analysis elucidates the effect of absorption losses on second-harmonic generation, difference-frequency generation, and cascaded wavelength conversion. We compare analytically maximum conversion efficiencies for those NLO processes with several NLO polymers and suggest that the cascaded wavelength conversion is a plausible application of NLO polymers. Furthermore, we found a convincing approach for the development of NLO polymers with the optimum combination of high optical nonlinearity and low material absorption, which leads us to realize efficient polymeric wavelength converters.
The PbSe nanocrystals were synthesized without impurity from lead oleate and Se(TOP) by heating in phenyl ether. The particle size increases the synthesis temperature. The PbSe QD / PPA nanocomposite was made with the synthesized PbSe nanocrystals and the amine-containing PPA polymer by using the ligand exchange method. The PbSe nanocrystals were well dispersed in the PbSe QD / PPA nanocomposite. The PbSe QD / PPA nanocomposite film has the broad PL peak around 1300 nm with FWHM of ~ 170 nm. The time constant in the PbSe QD / PPA nanocomposite film is as slow as ~ 150 ns. We investigated the structures of the developed PbSe QD / PPA nanocomposite film as well as their optical properties, and then suggested their photonic applications.
The macroscopic distributions of an electric field and of an induced second-order nonlinearity in a waveguide are for the first time unveiled in case of metal-contact periodic poling. A basic field distribution between a set of electrodes with a generalized arbitrary width is first proposed and then, by using linear superposition and electrode periodicity, the net electric field generated in the whole waveguide is derived explicitly. On the basis of the total electric field, the mean distribution of the nonlinearity and the quasi-phase matching efficiency induced from the total field are defined to analyze the effectiveness in each type of the four periodic poling schemes classified by the configurations of electrode combinations.
A 16-arrayed polymeric optical modulator is fabricated using an electro-optic (EO) polymer with a large EO coefficient and good thermal stability. The 16-arrayed modulator has lumped type electrodes with a response time of less than one nanosecond. The 16-arrayed modulator has good uniform modulation characteristics between the individual modulators. The deviation of half-wave voltages is 0.2 V and that of insertion losses about 1 dB. Crosstalks range from -28 to -36dB and extinction ratios are more than 21 dB.
Recently, we developed a wavelength converter, a 16-arrayed electro-optic (EO) Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulator, polarization adjustable and athermal arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs), and a wavelength channel selector by using all polymers. We designed and fabricated periodically poled nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer waveguides for the wavelength converter. Difference-frequency generation (DFG) process with a quasi-phase-matching (QPM) scheme was used. An all polymer-based wavelength channel selector composed of 16-channel EO polymer modulator array between two polymer AWGs is proposed and fabricated using chip-to-chip bonding of the three optical polymeric waveguide devices. For this, the 16-arrayed polymeric optical modulator and AWGs are respectively fabricated using EO and low-loss optical polymers. For these two-typed devices, we have synthesized new side chain NLO polymers and used low-loss optical polymers, designed and developed by ZenPhotonics, Inc. The developed these photonic devices were discussed in details from materials to packaging.
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