Atmospheric turbulence is a crucial factor affecting the performance of space optical communication systems. The mode diversity is considered an effective turbulence compensation method. In the mode diversity system, coherent combining algorithms are needed to combine the received signals from multiple modes to counteract the effects of turbulence. In this paper, we investigate the performance of 3 mode diversity coherent combining based on the selection combining (SC) algorithm in a 2.5 GBaud QPSK real-time back-to-back transmission system. We simulate turbulence with dynamic changes and calculate the bit error rate (BER) periodically. The experimental results show that within 1 second, the SC algorithm can reduce the frame error rate (FER) by 45% compared to using only single mode reception.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Analog to digital converters, Signal detection, Interference (communication), Quantization, Reflectometry, Pulse signals, Tolerancing, Signal attenuation, Optical engineering
A power-tunable local oscillator (LO) is utilized for long-distance phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (ϕ-OTDR) systems. The scheme uses a LO whose power is intentionally varied inversely with the backscattered signal power to suppress the dynamic signal range before receiving, which realizes a higher far-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) while avoiding receiver power saturation. Meanwhile, the suppressed signal range allows for the use of low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADC). We implemented the scheme over a 98-km standard single-mode fiber, and the results show that the scheme achieves a 3.4 dB far-end SNR improvement. When the ADC resolution decreases from 13 to 8 bits, the proposed scheme shows a negligible SNR penalty. Compared to systems using power-fixed LO and 8-bit ADCs, our proposed scheme achieves a 4.8-dB reduction in self-phase noise power under the same conditions.
KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Single mode fibers, Turbulence, Free space optics, Atmospheric turbulence, Telecommunications, Receivers, Optical engineering, Control systems
The performance of mode diversity combined with adaptive optics (AO) based on a multipath stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm over free-space optical (FSO) links through atmospheric turbulence is presented. The experimental results indicate that, compared with a single-mode fiber (SMF) combined with a single-path SPGD algorithm, three modes diversity combined with a multipath SPGD algorithm effectively reduces the power fluctuation. When the sensitivity of the receiver is assumed, the outage probability for the FSO system based on mode diversity is superior to that of the FSO system based on a SMF. The reduction of outage probability arising from mode diversity is more significant when AO is implemented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the performance of modes diversity combined with a multipath SPGD algorithm over a turbulence channel has been studied.
A high-performance Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) is achieved using the Brillouin gain bandwidth reduction technique combined with high injected probe power. In the probe branch, dual-tone probe wave with fixed frequency separation is used for enhancing the probe power to +5 dBm. In the pump branch, a differential π-phase-shift long-pulse width pair is used to narrow the Brillouin gain spectrum. On the basis of high probe power and 2.5-m spatial resolution, the Brillouin gain spectrum can be narrowed to a level of 17 MHz, whereas the Brillouin gain spectrum of conventional single-pulse BOTDA sensor is 51 MHz. As a result, 50-km sensing range with 2.5-m spatial resolution and 1.1-MHz Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) accuracy has been achieved. Meanwhile, the narrowed Brillouin gain spectrum can give rise to sharp rising/falling edge in the BFS profile when the hot spots are introduced, which increases the detection robustness of the small temperature/strain change in the BOTDA system.
A Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) technique for enhancing the probe power to +5 dBm is proposed and demonstrated, which is based on a conventional dual sideband probe setup, but the probe waves are modulated by a frequency shift keying signal. The pump distortion is compensated in the time domain with this technique. By employing a 105-km sensing fiber, this technique is experimentally validated with 2-m spatial resolution. Furthermore, another experiment is designed to show the good tolerance for the sensing fibers combined with large Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) difference, as is demonstrated in a 50-km-long sensing fiber consisting of two segments with large BFS difference (200 MHz).
Stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm is a kind of simple and practicable algorithm for adaptive optics (AO) to compensate the effects of turbulence. The relationship between the number of control variables and convergence effects is explored experimentally in this paper. We find that the number of control variables is not always the larger the better. Under the condition of weak turbulence, the algorithm with 6×6 control variables gives better results than 12×12 control variables and 8×8 control variables. With the increase of turbulence strength, the convergence effects of 12×12 control variables are better than 6×6 control variables and 8×8 control variables. In the condition of weak turbulence, SPGD algorithm with 6×6, 8×8, 12×12 control variables can improve coupling efficiency by 3.2dB, 3.1dB and 3.0dB respectively. In the condition of moderate turbulence, SPGD algorithm with 6×6, 8×8, 12×12 control variables can improve coupling efficiency by 6.4dB, 6.6dB, 7.1dB respectively. In the condition of strong turbulence, SPGD algorithm with 6×6, 8×8, 12×12 control variables can improve coupling efficiency by 6.2dB, 7.1dB, 10.2dB respectively
A novel BOTDA method based on differential ∏-phase-shift-pulse pair is proposed for narrowing the Brillouin gain spectrum. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the proposal could achieve 17 MHz Brillouin gain spectrum linewidth with a fixed spatial resolution of 2.5 m. The Brillouin gain spectrum linewidth is 3 times narrower than that obtained using conventional single-pulse based BOTDA method with same spatial resolution, resulting in √3 times frequency accuracy improvement. Furthermore, the sharper rising/falling edge of the Brillouin frequency shift profile resulting from the narrowed Brillouin gain spectrum could obtain more precise temperature/strain information along the fiber.
The robustness of the BOTDA method based on dual-tone probe wave with fixed frequency separation is studied. It is verified that when the sensing fiber consists of two fiber segments with large Brillouin frequency shift difference (>100 MHz), the non-local effect would take place in the front fiber segment, which gives rise to frequency error on the determination of hotspot. Aiming at solving this problem, both the upper and lower probe sidebands are acquired simultaneously by using two photodiodes, and the average between the Brillouin gain and loss spectrum is calculated to eliminate the detrimental impact of the non-local effect.
KEYWORDS: Double sideband modulation, Fiber optics sensors, Spatial resolution, Acoustics, Photodetectors, Signal to noise ratio, Single mode fibers, Temperature metrology, Signal detection, Optical engineering
A configuration based on phase difference on a double-sideband pump wave is proposed to detect the differential variation of temperature or strain in single-mode optical fibers. In our configuration, a probe wave only experiences a differential Brillouin gain contributed by the perturbation of temperature or strain in the sensing fiber. As a result, the power limitation of the probe wave can be alleviated and the photodetector in our configuration does not easily become saturated in the case of a longer sensing range. The spatial resolution is determined by the duration of the phase difference on the two sidebands and the signal-to-noise of our system is nearly twice as high as that of a differential pulse-width pair Brillouin optical time domain analysis sensor since a π-phase shift on the pump wave is employed. The properties and performances of our method are also theoretically derived and experimentally validated.
We propose and demonstrate a Brillouin distributed fiber sensor with high spatial resolution using four-section-brightpulse, in which the second section of the pump pulse acts as sensing pulse, while the third section is used to compensate the second echo. A general analytical model of this kind of technique is presented, which provides a full physical insight into the Brillouin interaction occurring in this configuration. A computing method to optimize the parameters in the system is also given. This simple but useful proposal is experimentally validated that can distinguish the short section with small temperature/strain change.
An 82-km sensing range Brillouin optical time-domain analysis distributed fiber sensor without systematic measurement error is proposed and first experimentally validated, in which the probe wave with two sidebands generates a dual gain-loss Brillouin interaction, giving rise to the remarkable suppressed pump depletion in long sensing range and a relatively narrow Brillouin gain spectrum. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that this technique is capable of accurate long-distance sensing. To the best of our knowledge, it is the simplest technique and does not require extra time for long-distance sensing (>50 km).
A novel single-ended distributed fiber sensor based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) with high spatial resolution
is proposed and experimentally validated. This single-ended technique is based on modulated optical long pulse that
consists of two sidebands. The probe wave is obtained by an attenuator and Fresnel reflection. The spatial resolution is
only limited by the fall-time of the long pulse without secondary "echo" phenomena. In addition, the configuration of
this single-ended technique is very simple and has no need to spend extra measurement time compared with conventional
BOTDA.
The impact of the optical multiplexing/demultiplexing filter on ultradense wavelength-division multiplexing transmission based on polarization-multiplexed quadrature phase-shift keying (PM-QPSK) modulation at the Nyquist spectral efficiency limit is studied through simulations. We analyze 10×111 Gbit/s PM-QPSK systems with baud-rate channel spacing for both back-to-back and long-haul nonlinear transmission cases. We show that, although a higher-order filter generally leads to better system performance at the optimal filter bandwidth, this benefit comes at the cost of reduced tolerance to variations in filter bandwidth and center-frequency shifts.
Nonlinear phase noise (NLPN) induced by the interaction between the amplified spontaneous emission noise (ASE) and the information signal in polarization-multiplexed quadrature phase-shift keying (PM-QPSK) systems at 42.8(112) Gbit/s over dispersion-managed (DM) link is investigated by numerical simulations. Both symbol-aligned non-return-to-zero (NRZ) PM-QPSK and symbol-interleaved return-to-zero (RZ) PM-QPSK formats are considered and compared. We find that for aligned NRZ-PM-QPSK systems, the impact of NLPN on system performance seems rather weak due to the strong interchannel cross-polarization modulation (XPolM). However, when the interleaved RZ-PM-QPSK format is used, in which the XPolM is suppressed significantly, the system performance is seriously degraded by NLPN, especially at low bit rates. Results of 1000-km transmission employing standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) over DM link show that for 42.8 Gbit/s coherent RZ-PM-QPSK systems, the nonlinear threshold (NLT) will decrease from 6 to 2 dBm due to nonlinear phase noise when symbol-interleaved format is used.
KEYWORDS: Logic, Logic devices, Signal processing, Modulation, Clocks, Four wave mixing, Optical signal processing, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Photonics, Signal attenuation
To cope with the development of Carrier-suppressed-return-to-zero-on-off-keying (CSRZ-OOK) modulation format, it is
of great significance to investigate all-optical logic gates to process CSRZ-OOK format signals. To the best of our
knowledge, for CSRZ-OOK signals, only logic AND gate has been demonstrated while other logic functions haven't
been explored until now. In this paper, an all-optical logic unit to process CSRZ-OOK signals based on four-wave
mixing (FWM) arising in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is proposed. A logic OR gate and two logic AND
gates with the CSRZ-OOK format unchanged could be simultaneously achieved without reconfiguration in this single
unit. The performance of 40 Gb/s logic operation is firstly evaluated with numerical simulations by a comprehensive
dynamic model considering three-input induced FWM in an SOA. Then, experimental demonstrations at 10 Gb/s with
clear waveforms and high extinction ratios (ERs) further verify the logic integrity of this scheme.
Passive harmonically mode-locked fiber ring laser with long single-mode fiber (SMF) has been demonstrated. With the increase of nonlinearity due to the incorporation of a long SMF, it is found that the laser can operate in harmonic mode-locking states with various repetition rates. Furthermore, based on the passively mode-locked fiber ring laser, a novel and simple technique for fiber length measurement with resolution on the order of centimeters has been proposed. The fiber length can be easily obtained from the fundamental cavity frequency of the mode-locked fiber laser because the transit time in a laser cavity is exactly proportional to the cavity length.
Nowadays scheduling jobs on parallel computers or grid components in grid environment has becoming more and more important. Detailed knowledge of the individual user preference is a necessary factor to be taken into account for developing appropriate scheduling strategies. Other than minimizing makespan [1], workload and the balancing of resource utilization is also an important aspect for scheduling. In the premise of satisfying the preference of individual user, previous approaches mainly focused on minimizing makespan, however workload balancing is rarely optimized. Therefore some of resources may leave underused while other resources are overused. In this paper, a new dynamic scheduling scheme is proposed, using the packing and partial cloning, and the expected QoS can be obtained. This scheme has been further evaluated by simulations and shown to yield good results compared with the former studies.
In this paper, TCP performance over OBS networks with multiple TCP input flows is evaluated. A new burst assembly
method is put forward to improve TCP performance on OBS networks. Normally, TCP packets are assembled by only
one assembly queue, increasing the number of the burst assembly queues will affect the TCP performance. Simulation
results show that when using time and burst-length threshold, according to burst-length threshold, different number of
burst assembly queues should be chosen to get better TCP performance.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) based optical Grid which can utilize the distributed resource discovery mechanism is newly put
forward to meet the increasing demand for computing and storage ability. In this paper, an improved P2P-based optical
Grid architecture is proposed and demonstrated. Experimental results show that the proposed solution outperforms our
previous studies in terms of resource discovery time.
Self Organizing approaches for Optical Burst Switching (OBS) Networks are suggested at different layers like Application Layer, Transport Layer, Networks Layer and OBS Layer. Self Organization at control plane layer level is also suggested. Detailed methodology of Self Organizing paradigms is explained. Experiments are conducted on OBS Testbed and results are discussed. In conclusion, it is suggested that in OBS networks, layer based approach should be adopted and cross layer design approach should be used for Self Organization to achieve maximum redundancy.
In this paper, two novel protection and restoration schemes were proposed by using the BC and BR schemes which were originally designed to reduce the bursts loss probability due to contention in OBS network. The 1+1 protection scheme in LOBS can be easily carried out using the MPLS 1+1 protection scheme in the 2.5 layer and burst cloning scheme in the OBS layer. By introducing some new OSPF-TE opaque LSA messages, the burst retransmission scheme can be transplanted into the restoration scheme in LOBS network. Furthermore, the dynamic quality of resilience mechanism to inherit these two schemes according to the QoS requirement of the traffic was also investigated. Experimental study using a LOBS network test bed verified that the proposed schemes suited well in the LOBS network.
In this paper, a novel method to generate both monocycle and doublet UWB pulses is demonstrated, where pulse shape
modulation(PSM) can be easily implemented. Only two wavelengths and two modulators (one dual-in dual-out
modulator) are applied to achieve PSM. The data driving the first modulator is set to be 250Mbit/s 107-1 pseudo-random
bit sequence (PRBS). The 1GHz pulse pattern is synchronised with the data. The electrical spectrum of the signals
processes the centre frequency of 4GHz and -10dB bandwidth of 5.9GHz. The fractional bandwidth is about 147.5%,
which matches the FCC standard.
Compared with the optical communication system using intensity modulation with direct detection (IM-DD), the
coherent optical system enhances the sensitivity and enables access to all the optical characteristics. In this paper, a novel
scheme of coherent QAM transmission system based on heterodyne optical detection is experimentally demonstrated. In
the proposed scheme, the intermediate frequency (IF) carrier modulation at double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)
mode at the transmitter side enables demodulation of QAM signal with heterodyne detection. Furthermore, the receiver
is simplified by avoiding the use of high frequency broadband microwave devices due to the employment of IF carrier
modulation. The performance of the proposed coherent QAM system is analyzed theoretically based on numerical
simulation. The simulation results show that the improved structure of the proposed system can effectively depress the
phase noise induced by laser. An experiment of 4-QAM transmission exploiting the proposed coherent heterodyne
system is presented to justify the principle.
A fiber laser with two different polarization-dependent output states is demonstrated. On the one hand, intensity-dependent loss in a nonlinear optical loop mirror, induced by nonlinear polarization rotation, can balance mode competition of a homogeneous broadening gain medium, and thus allows for stable room-temperature multiwavelength generation. On the other hand, intensity-dependent transmission can act as an equivalent saturable absorber, which results in passive mode locking of the fiber laser. It may thus serve two functions: passive mode locking and multiwavelength emission.
An in-line diplexer optical transceiver chip based on an integrated DFB laser and photodiode has been demonstrated and analyzed. The transceiver transmits at 1310nm for upstream signal and receives at 1490nm for downstream signal. For the in-line integrated device, crosstalk between the transmitting and receiving channels become a key issue of system performance. Such crosstalk includes optical-optical, electrical-electrical, and electrical-optical crosstalk. The optical-optical crosstalk is caused by the limited optical isolation between the DFB laser and the photodiode. The electrical-electrical crosstalk is the result of electrical interference between transmitter driver and receiver amplifier. In the in-line transceiver design, the 1490nm downstream signal goes through the DFB laser cavity. When the laser is modulated, the 1490nm signal will experience modulation through the gain and refractive index change in the cavity. This electrical-optical crosstalk has been confirmed by numerical simulation and experimental measurement. The results show that the electrical-optical crosstalk power is proportional to the received 1490nm power and dependent on modulation depth of the DFB laser. A bit error rate model is also presented to describe the impact of the modulation crosstalk from the system performance point of view.
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