We present results of a method to calculate the numerical aperture and diffraction-limited Airy radius (AR) in a non-sequential (NSQ) ray-trace simulation which results in <0.05% difference in AR when compared with sequential (SEQ) methodology.
We use Offner relay designs to demonstrate powerful new tools for the design and evaluation of off-axis freeform mirrors. The new Composite capability in OpticStudio allows us to perturb any surface for better optimization, tolerancing, and analysis.
The merit function defines the permissible range of component variable values in optimizing lens systems. This ensures the optimization algorithm explores parameter variations within specified bounds, contributing to the generation of feasible designs. In this study, we introduce an approach to identify the optimization-sensitive surface parameters of a relay lens through the utilization of the multi-configuration composite feature. The parameter variations sensitivity is analyzed by employing the Zernike Standard Sag Surface as an add-on composite surface, with a perturbation pattern of spherical aberration irregularity across multiple configurations preceding each lens surface within the Zemax lens data editor. The primary performance degradation impact on surface parameters is identified by examining the image spot dimension charts. In light of the analysis results, rigorous constraints are imposed on the sensitive component. A suitable variable range is defined to establish practical limits, aiding the algorithm in searching for solutions within the feasible parameter space. This ensures optimized designs that are physically realizable and meet the specified performance criteria.
A Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microendoscope probe for early stage label-free prostate cancer diagnosis at single cell resolution is presented. The handheld CARS microendoscope probe includes a customized micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) scanning mirror as well as miniature optical and mechanical components. In our design, the excitation laser (pump and stokes beams) from the fiber is collimated, reflected by the reflecting mirror, and transmitted via a 2D MEMS scanning mirror and a micro-objective system onto the sample; emission in the epi-direction is returned through the micro-objective lens, MEMS and reflecting mirror, and collimation system, and finally the emission signal is collected by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The exit pupil diameter of the collimator system is designed to match the diameter of the MEMS mirror and the entrance pupil diameter of the micro-objective system. The back aperture diameter of the micro-objective system is designed according to the largest MEMS scanning angle and the distance between the MEMS mirror and the back aperture. To increase the numerical aperture (NA) of the micro-objective system in order to enhance the signal collection efficiency, the back aperture diameter of the micro-objective system is enlarged with an upfront achromatic wide angle Keplerian telescope beam expander. The integration of a miniaturized micro-optics probe with optical fiber CARS microscopy opens up the possibility of in vivo molecular imaging for cancer diagnosis and surgical intervention.
Label-free multiphoton imaging is promising for replacing biopsy and could offer new strategies for intraoperative or surgical applications. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging could provide lipid-band contrast, and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging is useful for imaging collagen, tendon and muscle fibers. A combination of these two imaging modalities could provide rich information and this combination has been studied by researchers to investigate diseases through microscopy imaging. The combination of these two imaging modalities in endomicroscopy imaging has been rarely investigated. In this research, a fiber bundle consisted of one excitation fiber and 18 collection fibers was developed in our endomicroscopy prototype. The 18 collection fibers were divided into two collection channels with 9 fibers in each channel. These two channels could be used together as one channel for effective signal collection or used separately for simplifying detection part of the system. Differences of collection pattern of these two channels were investigated. Collection difference of central excitation fiber and surrounding 18 fibers was also investigated, which reveals the potential ability of this system to measure forward to backward (F/B) ratio in SHG imaging. CARS imaging of mouse adipocyte and SHG imaging of mouse tail tendon were performed to demonstrate the CARS and SHG tissue imaging performance of this system. Simultaneous CARS and SHG imaging ability of this system was demonstrated by mouse tail imaging. This fiber bundle based endomicroscopy imaging prototype, offers a promising platform for constructing efficient fiber-based CARS and SHG multimodal endomicroscopes for label free intraoperative imaging applications.
The ability to visualize cellular structures and tissue molecular signatures in a live body could revolutionize the practice
of surgery. Specifically, such technology is promising for replacing tissue extraction biopsy and offering new strategies
for a broad range of intraoperative or surgical applications, including early cancer detection, tumor margin identification,
nerve damage avoidance, and surgical outcomes enhancement. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS)
microendoscopy offers a way to achieve this with label-free imaging capability and sub-cellular resolution. However,
efficient collection of epi-CARS signals and reduction of nonlinear effects in fibers are two major challenges
encountered in the development of fiber-based CARS microendoscopy. To circumvent this problem, we designed and
developed a fiber bundle for a CARS microendoscopy prototype. The excitation lasers were delivered by a single
multimode fiber at the center of the bundle while the epi-CARS signals were collected by multiple MMFs surrounding
the central fiber. A polarization scheme was employed to suppress the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect in the excitation
fiber. Our experimental results suggest that, with this fiber bundle and the polarization FWM-suppressing scheme, the
signal-to-noise ratio of the CARS images was greatly enhanced through a combination of high collection efficiency of
epi-CARS signals, isolation of excitation lasers, and suppression of FWM. Tissue imaging capability of the
microendoscopy prototype was demonstrated by ex vivo imaging on mouse skin and lung tissues. This fiber bundle-based
CARS microendoscopy prototype, with the polarization FWM-suppressing scheme, offers a promising platform
for constructing efficient fiber-based CARS microendoscopes for label free intraoperative imaging applications.
High accuracy is required in surface testing of 90nm nodal point lithography projecting lens. By comparing various
aspheric surface testing methods, we adopt Offner null compensator to test the aspheric surface in the point diffraction
interferometer at last. In this paper, an Offner compensator is presented on the base of the third order aberration theory to
test concave aspheric surface, the optical construction parameters of which is determined by introducing equal-quantities
spherical aberration to compensate all orders of aspheric coefficients. The field of view of the system is 0.02º; the
structure layout of the compensator is a meniscus positive lens combined with a Plano-convex positive lens. The design
results indicate that: primary and high order aberrations are balanced well, MTF exceeds diffraction limit,
root-mean-square (RMS) of wave front error <λ/167. The F-number of the system can achieve F/1.64. By the analysis of
the process of aspheric surface testing with the designed system, a loosen distribution of the tolerance was presented
based on the accuracy of measuring apparatus.
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