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The spatial arrangement of several waveguides (WGs) in close proximity is considered for (1) passive coupler with no external electrical fields (2) active coupler (external electric fields) and in both cases for (3) circular cylindric WGs as well as for (4) rectangular WGs. The mixture of cross and bar states in (2) is the next step and proposed to be obtained by the electro-optic effect. Two concepts of planar WGs-coupler are proposed to be applied to spatial coupler: ((alpha) ) The center WG of 3 X 3- and a 5 X 5-couplers and ((beta) ) passive parasitic WGs. For integrated architectures of rectangular WGs the restriction of the number of layers causes difficulties for the implementation of ((alpha) ) and ((beta) ). The extension of the reversed (Delta) (beta) -coupler principle to spatial switching is proposed as a first step towards (2). The step from coupler to switches for N >= 3 by increasing the optical parallelism is also briefly discussed.
Josef Giglmayr
"Functionality versus implementation of all-optical spatial >=3x3 switches", Proc. SPIE 4046, Advances in Optical Information Processing IX, (13 July 2000); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391953
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Josef Giglmayr, "Functionality versus implementation of all-optical spatial >=3x3 switches," Proc. SPIE 4046, Advances in Optical Information Processing IX, (13 July 2000); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391953