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The paper focuses on a systematic study of the influence of water on the electrochemical and optical properties of CeO2-TiO2 amd WO3 sol-gel coatings as well as devices made with these layers. The coatings were studied electrochemically in 1 M LiC1O4 in propylene carbonate electrolyte with water content up to 3 wt%. The intercalculated and deintercalated charge was measured during Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Chronoamperometric (CA) cycles up to 500 cycles (TiO2-CeO2) and 7000 cycles (WO3). For CeO2-TiO2 it was found to increase from 3mC/cm2 (dry electrolyte) up to 11 mC/cm2 (3 wt% water). This increase is important for the coloration of EC-devices because the charge capacity of this counter electrode is known to be a limiting factor for the transmission change of the EC-devices. For WO3 coatings, the transmission change (Tcolored-Tbleached)is higher in wet electrolytes (1 wt% water) than dry electrolyte and above all remains constant (74%). These improvements are essentially due to an increase of the kinetics of the intercalation and deintercalation of Li+ ions. The electro-optical behavior of solid state EC-devices with and without incorporation of water in the solid electrolyte measured up to 500000 CA cycles is also presented and discussed.
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Dong Lan Sun, Joerg Puetz, Sabine Heusing, Michel Andre Aegerter, "Influence of water on the electrochemical properties of CeO2-TiO2 sol-gel coatings and electrochromic devices," Proc. SPIE 4804, Sol-Gel Optics VI, (23 October 2002); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453903