Materials that have a shape memory are capable to switch between different stable states when external stimuli are applied. This work introduces a new, multi-physical concept for shape memory in assembled composite structures. The concept is called magnetofriction and is based on magnetism, elasticity, contact and friction. In assemblies of permanently magnetized MagnetoActive Elastomers (MAE), the contact pressure is established by magnetic attraction forces. When the assembly is deformed, the contact surfaces slide over each other and the deformed shape is locked by the friction in the interface. A loosening of the contact causes the friction forces to vanish and each part of the assembly recovers its initial state due to the elastic forces in the materials. The contact is restored after the shape recovery. A test assembly, called MagnetoFriction – Shape Memory Polymer (MFSMP), is used to validate the concept experimentally. It consists of two stacked, permanently magnetized MAE beams. The assembled structure is subjected to a three-point bending test and retains a permanent deformation after the tests. The force displacement response of the MF-SMP reveals that the deformed configuration is stabilized after a first loading cycle. A digital image correlation reveals sliding in the contact interface of the assembly during the first loading. The adhesion, observed in the subsequent loading cycles, is responsible for the shape lock. When the beams are separated manually or by compressed air, the stored deformation vanishes. Magnetofriction is compared to other mechanisms to classify the new concept in the field of shape memory materials.
Thermomechanical couplings are responsible for the smart behavior of Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs). Additionally to the shape memory effect, the strong and fast glass transition in this kind of material is directly related to radical changes in the storage modulus and loss factor of the material. When integrated into composite structures, these materials can be used to change in real time the global stiffness and structural damping. This type of strategy opens new ways for vibration control which are currently investigated at FEMTO-ST institute. Several applications of this concept are described, corresponding to various scales and frequency ranges. For each of them, the design strategy based on finite element analysis is shown, taking advantage of thermomechanical couplings to describe the various behaviors of the composite. Then, the prototypes are manufactured and tested. Various complexity levels in the thermal fields are obtained through regulation, from homogeneous to gradient or even heterogeneous so that many structural behaviors can be obtained and changed in real time. Illustrations are shown on sandwich panels, phononic crystals and acoustic black holes. Open challenges are finally discussed.
CNES (French Space Agency) is developing a microsatellite to monitor and characterize CO2 surface fluxes, that is, the exchanges between sources (natural or anthropogenic) and sinks (atmosphere, ocean, land and vegetation). A better assessment of carbon fluxes is necessary to improve our understanding of the mechanisms governing the exchanges between sources and sinks, their seasonal variability, and their evolution in response to climate change. Values of CO2 concentrations need to be measured with high precision, of the order of 1 ppm (to be compared with the CO2 concentration of 400 ppm) to be able to estimate gradients which amounts to a few ppm.
The instrument on board MicroCarb is an infrared passive spectrometer operating in four wavelengths using an echelle grating (dispersive element) to achieve spectral dispersion. The spectral bands cover vissible end Short Wave infrared domain, from 764 μm to 2,075 μm.
The selected detector is the NGP (new Generation Panchromatic) manufactured by Sofradir, supplied with a specific AntiReflection coating in order to optimize both sensitivity and stray light.
The high accuracy level of the mission requires a high performance detector, operating at low incident flux, and whose imperfections will be very well known, in order to be corrected. The detector non-linearity is the main performance that has to be calibrated in order to allow the overall scientific objectives. CNES has developed a specific test bench in order to assess this performance.
This paper describes in detail
- The test bench constitution
- The test bench calibration
- The first detector measurements
Viscoelastic materials are widely used to control vibrations. However, their mechanical properties are known to be frequency and temperature-dependent. Thus, in a narrow frequency bandwidth, there is an optimal temperature that corresponds to a maximum loss factor and it is tricky to get a high damping level over a wide frequency range. Furthermore, an optimal temperature for a maximum structural damping leads to a low static stiffness because the peak of the loss factor is obtained during the glass transition when the storage modulus is decreasing. In order to obtain a compromise between stiffness and damping it is suggested to use a viscoelastic material which properties are functionally graded thanks to a non-uniform temperature field over the structure. In this work, a composite structure has been designed integrating a viscoelastic core and a heat control device. The optimal temperature field has been obtained through the minimization of a cost function that reflects the compromise between structural damping over a wide frequency band and high static rigidity. The experimental validation has been performed on a reduced scale airplane model: the composite wings are sandwich structures made of aluminum skins and a viscoelastic core in tBA/PEGDMA with a non-uniform temperature field and skins are in an aluminum and FR-4. A broadband excitation is produced with a shaker and the measurements are performed with a set of accelerometers. Several temperature fields are tested. The frequency response functions show the compromise obtained between static and dynamic behaviors when using the optimal temperature field determined by numerical simulation.
In this paper, some numerical tools for dispersion analysis of periodic structures are presented, with a focus on the ability of the methods to deal with dissipative behaviour of the systems. An adaptive phononic crystal based on the combination of metallic parts and highly dissipative polymeric interface is designed. The system consists in an infinite periodic bidirectional waveguide. The periodic cylindrical pillars include a layer of shape memory polymer and Aluminum. The mechanical properties of the polymer depend on both temperature and frequency and can radically change from glassy to rubbery state, with various combination of high/low stiffness and high/low dissipation. A fractional derivative Zener model is used for the description of the frequency-dependent behaviour of the polymer. A 3D finite element model of the cell is developed for the design of the metamaterial. The ”Shifted-Cell Operator” technique consists in a reformulation of the PDE problem by ”shifting” in terms of wave number the space derivatives appearing in the mechanical behaviour operator inside the cell, while imposing continuity boundary conditions on the borders of the domain. Damping effects can easily be introduced in the system and a quadratic eigenvalue problem yields to the dispersion properties of the periodic structure. In order to validate the design and the adaptive character of the metamaterial, results issued from a full 3D model of a finite structure embedding an interface composed by a distributed set of the unit cells are presented. Various driving temperature are used to change the behaviour of the system. After this step, a comparison between the results obtained using the tunable structure simulation and the experimental results is presented. Two states are obtained by changing the temperature of the polymeric interface: at 25°C, the bandgap is visible around a selected frequency. Above the glass transition, the phononic crystal tends to behave as an homogeneous plate.
Viscoelastic materials are widely used to control vibrations. However, their mechanical properties are known to be frequency and temperature-dependent. Thus, in a narrow frequency bandwidth, there is an optimal temperature that corresponds to a maximum loss factor and it is tricky to get a high damping level over a wide frequency range. Furthermore, an optimal temperature for a maximum structural damping leads to a poor static stiffness because the peak of the loss factor is obtained during the glass transition when the storage modulus is decreasing. Additionally, in industrial applications, the requirements might change according to the system life-cycle. For instance, the stabilization functions that are used for optronics applications require high stiffness for positioning steps, and high damping for filtering functions. To achieve this goal, engineers usually use several viscoelastic materials with functionally graded damping properties. This allows obtaining a high loss factor over a wide frequency range. This solution is however not adaptive. In order to be able to adjust the properties in real time, we suggest in this paper to use a single material which properties are functionally graded thanks to a non-homogeneous temperature field over the structure. A composite structure has been numerically designed integrating a viscoelastic core and a heat control device. The optimal temperature field has been obtained based on the static and dynamic elastic strain energy densities that reflects the compromise between structural damping over a wide frequency band and high static rigidity.
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