Without critical dimensional scanning electron microscopes (CD-SEMs), modern microelectronics would have tremendously inferior performance and functionality. Since 1984, their history is closely tied to the phenomenal success of IC technology. Over the decades CD-SEMs rightly became indispensable for process development and control.
The future of CD and other SEMs in the IC industry is bright, even if some of their physics limits are not very far away. A great deal of improvements can still be made, but the advancements require complete optimization of electron beam, its scanning, the sample-electron interaction, and the detection of generated signals.
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