This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8420, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and the Sponsors and Symposium Committee listings.

It is necessarily to adapt development of advanced optical manufacturing technology with modern science technology development. To solved these problems which low of ration, ratio of finished product, repetition, consistent in big size and high precision in advanced optical component manufacturing. Applied business driven and method of Rational Unified Process, this paper has researched advanced optical manufacturing process flow, requirement of Advanced Optical Manufacturing integrated System, and put forward architecture and key technology of it. Designed Optical component core and Manufacturing process driven of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Digital Integrated System. the result displayed effective well, realized dynamic planning Manufacturing process, information integration improved ratio of production manufactory.

A fully automatic feedback control system of alignment for a pulsed infrared laser beam (10 ns pulses, 10 Hz repetition rate, 1064 nm wavelength) was developed and tested. The stability of laser beam is limited by several factors, such as the most common being temperature changes and mechanical vibrations inside the laser and along the long distance optical route. This new feedback control system could correct these drifts of the laser traverse route in time. The solution is based on using CCD sensor as laser spot image acquiring device aimed to capture the information of laser pulses with a certain frequency and serve motorized mirror mount controlled in according to the feedback information of the spot image by a computer simultaneously. The paper solves the problem of synchronization between laser pulse and camera with measurement method to capture whole images, restrains background noise and assures the image of best effect. As a result, the two axes motorized mirror mount could be corrected automatically based on the drift of laser beam spot centroid after every laser pulse.

As the equivalent refractive index solution and the Fraunhofer approximation of scalar diffraction integral formula are engaged, the far field diffraction characteristics of TE₀ mode symmetrical multiple quantum well planar waveguide is discussed. Based on the Fourier transform relation between the near field distribution and far field diffraction distribution, the relation among the near field half width, far field divergence half angle and beam propagation factor for non-paraxial light beam are analysed and some approximate relationship with definite physical meaning are presented. Then, the approximate characteristics of beam propagation factor, near field half width defined by equivalent matching efficiency and tangent value of far field divergence half angle defined by equivalent matching efficiency versus the number of potential well layers of TE₀ mode symmetrical MQW planar waveguide are presented.

We propose a construction of the optoelectronic pattern recognition system with binary power spectrum for target recognition, and apply liquid crystal spatial light modulators to this system. In addition, we utilize the minimum average correlation energy method and multi-level quantized reference function. The constructed reference function could be implemented at the input plane of the liquid crystal spatial light modulator. Numerical result is presented.

Large-scale measurement systems of range over 30m are main traceable devices of dimensional measurement for modern large-scale advanced manufacture domain. High precision large-scale dimensional measurement devices with flexibility and openness are made up of length measurement system, environmental measuring system, guiding rail system and control system. In length measurement system using laser interferometers, zero error should be taken into account. This paper proposed a novel method to eliminate zero error in large-scale laser interferometric measurement system. The uncertainty of this system is improved experimentally.

According to camera calibration requirements of close-range photogrammetry system, novel camera calibration method based on dynamic three-dimensional (3-D) optical plate is proposed. The dynamic 3-D optical plate is realized by translational moving a 2-D optical mask plate with elaborately designed targets alone a granite linear guiding rail. 2-D direct linear transformation for camera external parameter decomposition is studied, and mathematical model for camera internal parameter calibration is built based on bundle adjustment. The feasibility of dynamic 3-D optical plate and camera calibration method are experimentally demonstrated.

Grid algorithm is a classical star identification algorithm based on star pattern. A three-dimensional grid algorithm for all-sky autonomous star identification is proposed, which is associated with the information of star view magnitude. In contrast with traditional grid algorithm that constructs the grid cells on two-dimensional plane (e.g. x-y coordinate plane), the proposed approach makes use of the star view magnitudes of the neighboring stars as the third dimension (e.g. z-axis). A pattern is generated for each of its three-dimensional grid cells that contain neighboring star are 1, and those without are 0. The progress of star identification is to determine which pattern in the database is associated with the particular sensor pattern. Simulation shows that this method can achieve identification rate of 98.0% while the standard deviation of star position error and star view magnitudes are 1 pixel and 0.3Mv respectively. Compared with the traditional grid algorithm, the identification rate is higher, and the average runtime is 50 percent shorter.

Wave-front sensor, as the main component of Adaptive optics system, detects light from the astronomic object or reference sources. It aims to improve the utilization of light, especially for AO system work with the faint objects. Compared with Shack-Hartmann sensor, pyramid wave-front sensor is a relatively new one with increased pupil sampling and spatial resolution. Pyramid wave-front sensor uses a refractive element (the pyramid) to produce four images of the entrance pupil. Usually, Single pyramid prototypes are made using the classical figuring and polishing techniques. This approach, however, is not only very time consuming but also does not guarantee a uniform repeatability of the optical characteristics of the pyramids. The loss of low frequency component increases due to the roofs existing on its vertexes. Moreover, stray light is introduced in the four images. We therefore are investigating a modified pyramidal optical components based on the binary optical concept. In this article we describe the diffractive pyramid prototypes using the micro fabrication technique. The parameters of the pyramid are discussed.

This paper studies the problem of keypoints recognition of extended target which lacks of texture information, and introduces an approach of stable detection of these targets called boosting random ferns (BRF). As common descriptors in this circumstance do not work as well as usual cases, matching of keypoints is hence turned into classification task so as to make use of the trainable characteristic of classifier. The kernel of BRF is consisted of random ferns as the classifier and AdaBoost (Adaptive Boosting) as the frame so that accuracy of random ferns classifier can be boosted to a relatively high level. Experiments compare BRF with widely used SURF descriptor and single random ferns classifier. The result shows that BRF obtains higher recognition rate of keypoints. Besides, for image sequence, BRF provides stronger stability than SURF in target detection, which proves the efficiency of BRF aiming to extended target which lacks of texture information.

Compound eye, as a new imaging method with multi-lens for a large field of view, could complete target positioning and detection fastly, especially at close range. Therefore it could be applicated in the fields of military and medical treatment and aviation with vast market potential and development prospect. Yet the compound eye imaging method designed use three layer construction of multiple lens array arranged in a curved surface and refractive lens and imaging sensor of CMOS. In order to simplify process structure and increase the imaging area of every sub-eye, the imaging area of every eye is coved with the whole CMOS. Therefore, for several imaging point of one target, the corresponding lens of every imaging point is unkonown, and thus to identify. So an algorithm was put forward. Firstly, according to the Regular Geometry relationship of several adjacent lenses, data organization of seven lenses with a main lens was built. Subsequently, by the data organization, when one target was caught by several unknown lenses, we search every combined type of the received lenses. And for every combined type, two lenses were selected to combine and were used to calculate one three-dimensional (3D) coordinate of the target. If the 3D coordinates are same to the some combine type of the lenses numbers, in theory, the lenses and the imaging points are matched. So according to error of the 3D coordinates is calculated by the different seven lenses numbers combines, the unknown lenses could be distinguished. The experimental results show that the presented algorithm is feasible and can complete matching task for imaging points and corresponding lenses.

Effects of light propagation in random atmospheric optical turbulence are critical problems for ground based high resolution optical imaging. To get further knowledge of turbulence intensity or structure properties, the concept of fiber optic sensing system is proposed and realized. Different to fine-wire platinum resistance thermometer or laser scintillometer, the system has the ability to make non-contact measurement of optical turbulence up to the frequency of 500Hz during the air gap of 100mm, and has the dynamic range of 10⁻¹⁸ ~ 10⁻¹² . The optic fiber’s merit of corrosion resistance is sufficiently demonstrated by one month field test on the seacoast. Some properties of high frequency turbulence power spectrum that have never been observed before in the range of 10cm are reported. In the end, prospects of optical turbulence research by the usage of fiber optic turbulence sensing system are also discussed.

In view of limitation for LED optical design method as ideal point source, a new uniform illumination optical design method of freeform lens for a high-power LED is present in the paper.By establishing an energy corresponding relationship between the extended LED source and the point illumination of the receiving surface, a freeform lens optical model achieving uniform illumination in target plane is obtained.The optical simulation results of uniform light intensity curve of the model are compared with the one designed by an approximate point source method. The results show that the new method can effectively overcome the shortages from the point source design.It is more accurately to control the correspondence relationship of light energy and the outgoing direction of light.The illumination uniformity of the freeform lens is greater than 75% and also meets the design requirements.

An image reconstruction model for the collinear holographic data storage (CHDS) system is proposed and analyzed. The analytical solution for the reconstructed image by the CHDS system is derived based on the first Born approximation and scalar diffraction theory. This expression shows the CHDS system is not a linear space-invariant system. A page-oriented simulation method is desired for a rigorous analysis. By applying the fast Fourier transform method, a page-oriented simulation method for the CHDS system is presented. The influence of the reference pattern and the media thickness on the quality of the image reconstructed from the holograph is investigated. The fill factor of the reference pattern is the key parameter for the quality of the reconstructed image.

The liquid crystal spatial light modulator is becoming a more and more important device due to its wide applications. During its characterization, the phase modulation is the most important one. In this paper, the modulation characterization of a PLUTO phase-only spatial light modulator based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) is studied by applying the lensless Fourier transform digital holography. In the digital holography, the LCOS is used as a reflected sample which modulates the phase of the incident wavefront with respect to the addressed gray level and gives the information of entire active region. This result is then compared with the result obtained by using conventional Michelson Interferometric method and both results are in good accordance with each other. At last the same holographic set up is used for the imaging of phase grating as a reflected object which is addressed to the LCOS and the clear profilometry of the grating is achieved.

A volume holographic correlator (VHC) can function as an optical processing unit (OPU). With its multi-channel processing ability, the VHC is capable to extract inner products between the target image and all the stored remote sensing images with high speed and high parallelism. An opto-electronic hybrid system based on the VHC for scene matching is proposed. The innovative hybrid processing mode of the system combines the advantages of the high parallelism in VHC with the high flexibility and accuracy of digital processing, improving the overall system performances. The influences of the VHC’s unique multi-channel parallel processing ability on the system speed and accuracy are theoretically studied in the context of different VHC working modes. The improvements of the system adaptability for different situations, such as illumination conditions and noise, are also analyzed by numerical simulation. Finally, experimental results are discussed to evaluate the system feasibility.

In this article, an interference digital testing method for measuring spatial density distribution of transmissive objects is presented. This method applies a radial shearing interferometer to test the density field from 8 projections in the same plane. By taking advantage of the regularized phase-tracking technique (RPT), the single interferogram will be demodulated to two-dimensional phase distribution of the corresponding projection beam. Then the phase data on one given cross-section of every projection is selected to form 8 curves, which describe one-dimensional phase variation on the given cross-section from each projection. Regarding these curves as computer tomography projection data, the refractive index distribution of the given cross-section can be reconstructed utilizing the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART). Thus, a three-dimensional distribution of refractive index can be obtained by applying the method above to different cross-sections in order. Finally, we are capable of calculating the spatial density distribution with the relation between density and refractive index of the substance tested. In addition, the density field testing for hypersonic flow field is investigated as an example in this article. Considering the fact that the target model in the optical window center of a wind tunnel will inevitably block some testing beams, which will lead to the sharp decline in accuracy of the testing results, a modified algebraic reconstruction technique which improves accuracy by introducing biharmonic spline interpolation is presented. In simulation, an error less than 3% in non-block situation is reached while an error less than 8% in small-area-block situation is also obtained.

The physical mechanisms for the polarization rotation of the light in a bulk semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) originate from the significant nonuniform distributions of carrier density across the active region. Due to this carrier density’s nonuniformity, the effective refractive indexes experienced by transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) modes of the probe are different. This results in a phase shift between TE and TM modes of the light upon leaving the SOA. The bulk SOA polarization rotation’s law can be analyzed theoretically and experimentally based on the method of measuring output power in a pump-probe scheme. The experiment employs polarizer driving by walking electromotor and power meter, the light power of every orientation is measured. The transformation law of output polarization is find for obvious polarization rotation in other perpendicular axes based on connection of ellipse in difference axes.

The encoder is an important component of the ternary optical computer which utilizes three steady states of light—horizontally polarized light, vertically polarized light (abbreviated V), and no-intensity state—to represent ternary information -1, 1, and 0 respectively. The encoder consists of light source, two electronically controlled liquid crystal units, and two vertical polarizers. The encoder can modulate corresponding three-state light signals according to the input binary electronic signals. This paper is about the thousand-trit (trit denotes one ternary data) ternary optical encoder which can parallelly modulate thousands three-state light signals. In order to realize the parallelism of the thousand-trit ternary optical encoder, a special kind of liquid crystal array whose pixels can be controlled synchronously was designed. By utilizing the parallel liquid crystal array, the thousands-trit ternary optical encoder was designed and implemented. Its principle, parallel liquid crystal array, and implementation were introduced in details.

The atmospheric refractive index structure constant is an important parameter of atmospheric turbulence intensity. It was measured using AZZ10 micro-thermalmeter over desert where is a little or no vegetation cover. The vertical profile were investigated by analysis of experimental data over desert with 0~30km height range. And structure characteristics of atmospheric turbulence were given. Results can supply technological support for laser engineering applications to select suitable testing time and time-interval.

In combination of the advantages of the optical encryption technology and optical hiding technology, this paper is going to reveal the way of hiding the encrypted result obtained from scrambling technology in the low-frequency coefficients of secondary discrete wavelet transform domain of another public image. Meanwhile, the information in different pixels is hidden by different coefficient matrixes generated by chaos technology in the hiding process. It makes the encrypted result more difficult to decipher. The proposed method is proved to be a valid approach for hiding the confidential information as secret image in another non-confidential image via computer simulation and validation. The quality decline of the carrier image is unapparent, which is unlikely to cause the attackers' attention. This method can effectively resist the influence of noise, cutting, compression and other attacks. What’s more, the broad key space and good robustness are of high practical value.

The extreme environment of Antarctic is valuable for astronomical observations. Dome C is proved has excellent seeing and transmission by site testing works. While the higher, colder inland plateau Dome A is widely predicted as even better astronomical site than Dome C. Preliminary site testing developed since the beginning of 2008 shows that Dome A has lower boundary layer and lower precipitable water vapour. Now the automated seeing monitor is urgently needed to quantify the site's optical character which is necessary for the telescope design and deployment. In addition, it has the requirement that DIMM must realize automatic measurement for nearly one year under the case of unmanned intervention during which a great quantity of data will be generated because of the limitation of Dome A. This paper aims at researching how to use the method of mining association rules to automatically analyze observation data, what the relationship between various parameters effecting on optical quality is, and improving the efficiency of telescope observation by parameter optimization. We have modified a commercial telescope with diameter of 35cm to function as site testing DIMM which has been installed at XingLong observation station of National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, acquired long term observation data, and identified that this method is suitable for optimizing the parameters of DIMM system.

This paper presented a gradient-index planar waveguide (GIPW) coupler for laser diode and single mode fiber (SMF), and numerically analyzed the coupling efficiency and alignment tolerance of the couplers based on ABCD matrix. First, the components of the coupler were introduced. The coupler comprises of a gradient-index planar waveguide and a self-focusing lens. An elliptical Gauss beam emitted from an LD have different spot sizes in different direction and has mass losses when coupling with SMF directly. A method was presented by this paper to convert the elliptical beam into a circular one by a kind of gradient-index planar waveguide, and then the circular Gauss beam could be couple in SMF with a high efficiency by using a 1/4 pitch self-focusing lens. Second, we formulated the ABCD matrix of the beam propagation between LD and SMF by tracing complex rays, and obtained the expressions for spot sizes and wave-front radii of Gauss beam. Then the model for calculating coupling efficiency of the coupler was set up by overlap integral. Finally, the coupling efficiency of that coupler was investigated numerically. The coupling loss characteristic and tolerance characteristics were analyzed, and the optimized parameters of the components were given. This technique should be useful for design and manufacture of the coupler.

In order to find man-made spacecraft, this paper proposes a method of visual target detection and identification. In this method, because of the same relative position of the stars, by using image registration and intelligent frame difference method, the non-moving stars are removed. By distinguishing of the different profiles of the natural and man-made star, the man-made stars are separated from nature stars. Therefore, the goal of man-made satellites dynamic recognition is achieved. Experimental results show that the proposed method compared with traditional methods, operations reduced by about 30%, reliability has been improved. And it has practical significance in engineering practice.

A space telescope containing two CCD cameras is being built for scientific observation. The CCD detectors need to operate at a temperature below -65°C in order to avoid unacceptable dark current. This cooling is achieved through detailed thermal design which minimizes the parasitic load to 2K×4K array with 13.5 micron pixels and cools this detector with a combination of thermo electric cooler(TEC). This paper will describe detailed thermal design necessary to maintain the CCD at its cold operating temperature while providing the means to reject the heat generated by the TECs. It will focus on optimized techniques developed to manage parasitic loads including material selection, surface finishes and thermal insulation. The paper will also address analytical techniques developed to characterize TEC performance. Finally, analysis results have been shown the temperature of key parts.

In the researching field of optical superresolution, a phase or amplitude filter is often utilized. They are easy to build, and simple to insert to a system. A new idea on design a continuous phase filer is proposed. This type of filter is based on the law that the focal size is mainly decided by the marginal rays in the aperture. A quadric function consisted of tangent value is built. Assuming that the radially polarized light incident, passing through a phase filer and being focused by a lens, the intensity distribution on the focal plane is simulated. The vector diffraction theory is used here. To get a smaller focus, the parameters in the phase function are optimized in Matlab. The results show the superresolution effects. Compared with others, the filters maintain higher energy utilization rate. A good prospects for application can be expected.

In this paper, a mathematic model of rear-end accident based on system dynamics theory is proposed, and a beforehand alarm system against vehicle rear-end accident is designed. Driver’s physical reaction time and perception process are involved in this model, and after calculating the system installed in the following vehicle can predict whether the rear-end accident will occur. In the paper, the model’s establishment, the alarm system’s structure and working principle are described in detail and the design of relevant hardware and software is given. The system ran well in the test, and it has high liability, low cost, and easy node- expanding, which has a bright prospect of application and popularization.

To stitch remote sensing images seamlessly without producing visual artifact which is caused by severe intensity discrepancy and structure misalignment, we modify the original structure deformation based stitching algorithm which have two main problems: Firstly, using Poisson equation to propagate deformation vectors leads to the change of the topological relationship between the key points and their surrounding pixels, which may bring in wrong image characteristics. Secondly, the diffusion area of the sparse matrix is too limited to rectify the global intensity discrepancy. To solve the first problem, we adopt Spring-Mass model and bring in external force to keep the topological relationship between key points and their surrounding pixels. We also apply tensor voting algorithm to achieve the global intensity corresponding curve of the two images to solve the second problem. Both simulated and experimental results show that our algorithm is faster and can reach better result than the original algorithm.

This paper presents a segment and spline synthesis optimization method (SSS method) for the freeform total-internal-reflection (TIR) lens design. Before the optimization starts, a series of discrete control points are used to describe the TIR lens profile. In order to realize initial optimization, the segment method is applied to optimize a linear-segmented TIR lens. The final optimization is further achieved by the spline optimization method, after which the cubic-spline-modeling TIR lens with the characteristic of low cost and easy fabrication could satisfy the target illumination requirements. The detailed design principle and optimization process of the SSS method are both analyzed and compared in the paper. Complementing each other, the synthesis of the segment and spline optimization method could realize the prescribed design and greatly improve the design efficiency for designers. As an example, the specially designed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) freeform TIR lens used for LED general lighting could demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. The uniformity of the lens significantly increases from 67% to 88% after the segment and spline method, respectively. High light output efficiency (LOE) of 99.3% is available within the target illumination area for the final lens system. It is believed that the SSS method could be applied to design other freeform illumination optics.

Speaker recognition is to recognize speaker’s identity from its voice which contains physiological and behavioral characteristics unique to each individual. In this paper, the artificial neural network model, which has very good capacity of non-linear division in characteristic space, is used for pattern matching. The speaker's sample characteristic domain is built for his mixed voice characteristic signals based on Kmeanlbg algorithm. Then the dimension of the inputting eigenvector is reduced, and the redundant information is got rid of. On this basis, BP neural network is used to divide capacity area for characteristic space nonlinearly, and the BP neural network acts as a classifier for the speaker. Finally, a speaker recognition system based on the neural network is realized and the experiment results validate the recognition performance and robustness of the system.

Micro-projector has found wide application in the field of mobile phone, pico-projector et al. However, because of the depth of the field of the projection lens, precise focus mechanical design is needed for the optical engineer to get fine and clear image. Wavefront coding technique is a novel technique which is introduced by Dowski and Cathey in 1995. By adding an aspheric phase mask at the pupil of the optical system, wavefront coding technique can make the imaging performance of the optical system insensitive to the defocus, and can also make the system insensitive to the defocus related aberrations, such as spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, field curvature, astigmatism and so on. In this paper, a projection lens with long depth of field for the CF-LCOS projector is developed to satisfy the new requirement. We first design the projection lens with the traditional optical design software to let it project the image to the average projection distance. For example, if the lens is designed with in the range of 0.65-2.0m, then about 1.0m is selected as the preliminary projection distance. After the lens (with a 3mm plane plate at the stop surface) is optimized with the CODE V in this distance, the plane plate is replaced with cubic phase plate. Then the lens is optimized again (the phase plate parameter varied for optimization) to get the final lens. In the new optimization, the resolution should be 3 times of the real resolution according to the LCOS resolution. This new optimized lens has the same MTF or PSF for different fields between 0.65 and 2m projection distances, this ensures the high resolution with no focus operation. Because of the MTF satisfies the LCOS requirement between the distance of 0.65 to 2m, no resolution is damaged and also no focus operation is need in this effective projection distance , thus no mechanical focus system is needed.

Due to the vibration of satellite platform, the image degradation has greatly hindered the development of High Resolution Earth Observation (HREO) system. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is an effective means to measure the image quality, which can well quantitatively analyze the degradation of image quality as a result of satellite platform vibration. This paper is divided into 3 parts to systematically analyze how the vibration of satellite platform affects the image quality. Firstly, the basic law of satellite vibration is clarified, and the relationships between image displacements and the vibration of the space-borne camera in all six degrees of freedom (DOF) are detailed demonstrated. Secondly, the mechanism of optical degradation for remote starring imaging under vibration is analyzed, and then deriving from Optical Transform Function (OTF), a formula for calculating the MTF is identified for arbitrary known vibration. Finally, a properly designed semi-physical simulation system is built. Loading a certain vibration parameter as the vibration source, the system can get a simulated degraded image. The slanted-edge method for calculating MTF of image is introduced for comparison. Experiments show that the MTFs calculated from the derived MTF formula and obtained by slanted-edge method from the simulated degraded image present a good agreement, which verifies the reliability of the proposed theoretical analysis.

Nowadays, spectrometers are being increasingly used in the remote sensing of the earth system processes and they can be well conducted field spectral calibrated by using absorption features of atmospheric profile. The spectral calibration accuracy of an ASD spectrometer in different atmospheric conditions is analyzed in this paper. First of all, set the atsensor spectral radiance spectrum as the reference spectral curve, which is generated by the MODTRAN5 radiative transfer model outputs convolved with the spectral response function of each channel. The results can be totally different when input different water vapor contents. Meanwhile, under the same atmospheric conditions (the same observation target, the sun elevation angle, azimuth, aerosol distribution, composition and concentration distribution of atmosphere..etc. ), the diffuser whiteboard is measured by the ASD spectrometer to acquire observed spectral curve. The best spectral matching algorithm is used to compare the observed spectrum with the reference one. Central wavelength of the ASD is obtained by calculating the results of matching spectrum shifts within feature spectrum range. Finally, quantitative analysis and calculation about the effect on the accuracy of instrument spectral calibration with different water vapor contents is presented.

Wavefront coherent synthesis is widely desired in several important laser systems. Meanwhile, with the help of laser, the following engineering problems can be converted into phase measurement in wavefront coherent synthesis: mirror tiling in large scale astronomical telescopes, and planar diffraction grating tiling in laser pulse compression. The main task for phase measurement in wavefront coherent synthesis is to measure the phase difference between synthesized wavefronts in the form of transmission direction error and piston phase error. In this paper, phase measurement for wavefront coherent synthesis based on lateral shearing interferometer is proposed. No reference beam is necessary so the system is simply structured. Simulations were performed to deduce the quantitative relationship between interferograms and phase errors. A demonstration experiment system of planar mirror tiling was set up. Coherent synthesis of monochromatic wavefront was achieved with transmission direction error of 2″ and piston phase error of 1/20 of the wavelength, with the encircled energy of the far-field diffraction pattern higher than 92.9% of the ideal case.

Image sensors are important components of lunar exploration device. Considering volume and cost, image sensors generally adopt a single CCD or CMOS at the present time, and the surface of the sensor is covered with a layer of color filter array(CFA), which is usually Bayer CFA. In the Bayer CFA, each pixel can only get one of tricolor, so it is necessary to carry out color interpolation in order to get the full color image. An improved Bayer image interpolation method is presented, which is novel, practical, and also easy to be realized. The results of experiments to prove the effect of the interpolation are shown. Comparing with classic methods, this method can find edge of image more accurately, reduce the saw tooth phenomenon in the edge area, and keep the image smooth in other area. This method is applied successfully in a certain exploration imaging system.

The wide-field optical system is an important part of lunar exploration image device, and it is applied and researched widely in lunar exploration project. However, with the increase of the field of view, image distortion becomes more serious. In this paper, based on analyzing the basic principles of distortion, a particular geometric distortion correction model is put forward, and a digital correction method is presented, which is novel, practical and also easy to be realized. The experiment proves the validity of the method, and the result show that the distortion rate decreases into 1% from 27% before image correction. This correction method has been applied successfully in a certain exploration imaging system.

Photo counting imaging is a promising imaging method for very low-level-light condition and super high-speed imaging. An experimental setup with Geiger mode silicon avalanche photodiode single-photon counter was established in this study. This experimental setup achieved photon counting imaging through serial two-dimensional scanning mode of single APD. It extracts the extremely weak signal from the noise by scanning image, and then reconstructs the photon distribution image. The feasibility of the experiment platform was verified with many experiments. The resolution bar was scanned and imaged in different lighting condition. A Lena image was also scanned and imaged among several illumination conditions. The resolution ability and imaging quality are evaluated in different illumination surroundings. The imaging limited condition was concluded based on existing APD sensor. The experimental result indicates that the imaging based Geiger mode APD is an excellent candidate for very low level light imaging.

The one key problem of passive auto-focus technique based on image is image definition criterion which is estimated by auto-focus function.This paper analyzes the limitation of traditional spatial domain auto-focus functions which are not sensitive to small changes of images,and presents a new auto-focus evaluation function which uses the combination filters to strengthen the image medium-frequency information.In order to evaluate the new function performance,the parameters of unimodality,accuracy,sensitivity,calculating cost are compared and analyzed.Compared with the traditional spatial domain evaluation functions,such as Brenner function,Laplacian function and Tenengrad function,the experimental results show that the new function has a fast calculation speed,and has a high sensitivity.

For the limitation of the application of classical scene correction algorithm in infrared Focal Plane Array (FPA) at present, decomposition of non-uniformity characters correction algorithm was studied. We analyze the factors that construct the non-uniformity of the FPA and decompose the non-uniformity of FPA into blind point, row/column non-uniformity, gradients non-uniformity .etc by character, apply different processing algorithms to different kinds of non-uniformity. We experiment this algorithm on self-developed infrared equipment. The result indicates that this algorithm is of high accuracy as well as good application, and can solve the degeneration phenomenon such as ‘ghosting’ in classical scene correction.

Boresight and jitter that cause energy loss and decline of the system performance are two fundamental pointing errors for a laser pointing system. Based on the statistics of the return photons reflected from target and estimation of the pointing errors, a second-order moment estimation algorithm is proposed. This algorithm that is the expansion of the Key-rate method can estimate boresight and jitter simultaneously. In this paper, a laser pointing system model based on a Gaussian far-field irradiance profile and a Gaussian beam jitter is setup, a laboratory experiment is performed, and the simulation and experimental data is processed by this estimator. The results demonstrate that the performance of the second-order moment estimation is excellent and the performance improves with the increasing number of shots. What’s more, the further study finds that the experimental results agree well with the simulation results.

Dynamic alignment system (DAS) is used to correct the misalignment of moving mirror in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIRS) of which both fixed mirror and moving mirror are plane reflectors. The detecting precision of dynamic tilting angle of moving mirror offers guarantees to the adjustment performances of DAS. In this paper, the noise tolerance of measuring precision of tilting caused by moving mirror are theoretically analyzed and tested. Experimental results show that tilting measuring accuracy is improved with adjusting methods according to the noise tolerance analysis.

The Matlab/Simulink simulation model of APT (acquisition, pointing and tracking) system is analyzed and established. Then the model’s C code which can be used for real-time simulation is generated by RTW (Real-Time Workshop). Practical experiments show, the simulation result of running the C code is the same as running the Simulink model directly in the Matlab environment. MultiGen-Vega is a real-time 3D scene simulation software system. With it and OpenGL, the APT scene simulation platform is developed and used to render and display the virtual scenes of the APT system. To add some necessary graphics effects to the virtual scenes real-time, GLSL (OpenGL Shading Language) shaders are used based on programmable GPU. By calling the C code, the scene simulation platform can adjust the system parameters on-line and get APT system’s real-time simulation data to drive the scenes. Practical application shows that this visual simulation platform has high efficiency, low charge and good simulation effect.

According to computer-generate holographic theory, a diffraction optics element used for holographic sight is designed by modified off-axis reference beam coding method. This diffraction optical element is composed by an off-axis Fresnel holographic lens. The spherical wave light from LD is parallel by this element. The light filter and compensation function of diffraction grating can also be replaced by this element. The fabrication of this diffraction optics element is not limited by the recording optic system. Mirrors and lenses are replaced by this element so that the reproducing optical path is simplified and the stability of the device is improved. A matlab program is used to simulate the hologram. Theoretical simulation results show that the precision of sight can be improved with the virtue of low aberration and high matching to holographic sighting window.

When relative motion between the target and the camera occurs, the captured images would be blurred. Due to the arbitrariness of the motion, it is of great difficulty to restore the degraded images. In this paper, a new method based on Hartmann-Shack Wavefront Sensor is proposed to deblur the degraded image of the extended target caused by arbitrary motion. Relevant theoretical analysis is given and a corresponding experimental system is built. During the exposure time, image sequences are obtained by the Hartmann-Shack Wavefront Sensor to calculate the displacement vectors, from which the Point Spread Function (PSF) is estimated to restore the blurred image. Experimental results show that the proposed method can efficiently restore the degraded image of the target. So the application of Hartmann-Shack Wavefront Sensor can be extended to detect the motion of target, which means we can deal with wavefront distortion and motion blur using Hartmann-Shack Wavefront Sensor simultaneously.

A Bilateral Filter (BF) and Multi-scale Retinex (MSR) based infrared image enhancement algorithm is proposed in this paper. It’s known that the MSR algorithm derived from vision theory can achieve dynamic range compression and tonal rendition effectively but suffers from ‘halo’ phenomena caused by the existence of “sharp” edges in infrared images. Research shows that bilateral filter has the property of separating image details from strong edges. Therefore, we process detail components containing strong edges in MSR algorithm with bilateral filter to achieve dynamic range compression, detail enhancement and avoid ‘halo’ artifacts at the same time. The performance of proposed algorithm is then validated by experiments with three real infrared images and compared with other two infrared images enhancement algorithms.

We propose a simulation and test platform for free-space quantum communication. The platform is used to simulate the working condition of the satellite-to-ground quantum communication, test the technical parameters and performance of the quantum communication terminal. A collimator is used to simulate the far-field optical transmission between the satellite and the ground; A turntable is used to simulate the motion between the satellite and the ground; A voice coil motor fast steering mirror is used to simulate the vibration of the satellite. With this platform, we design experiments to test the quantum communication terminal we developed. Its acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) performance and the far-field distribution of the communication photons are tested, the test results are provided and analyzed.

Imaging fiber bundle is a necessary element in a conventional endomicroscopy imaging system. The combination of a proximal spatial light modulator as a means of achieving beam scanning and an imaging fiber bundle for light delivery and collection enables the wavefront at the distal end of the fiber bundle to be synthesized, controlled and scanned. In this way the endomicroscope is very different from conventional systems which use proximal scanning mirrors or distal scanning heads. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the effect of primary parameters, such as diameter of each core, core-core separation and phase mask applied to the face of the imaging fiber bundle on the characteristics of focusing spot. These effects were simulated by numerically generating distal wavefronts and propagating them using the method of angular spectrum of plane-wave. The axial and lateral resolution and SNR were introduced to evaluate the characteristics of the focus. The imaging system could be optimized and reduced constraints on the imaging fiber bundle used based on these results.

As resolution of lithography becomes narrower, the illumination mode affects imaging more significantly. Correct illumination mode can improve resolution. Element theorems of lithographic imaging have been presented. Polarized imaging and partially coherent imaging have been derived and simulated. The reason why illumination mode affects imaging is analyzed. The image contrast and depth of focus (DOF) under different polarizations and coherent factors are compared. The result shows that imaging performance can be improved by selecting correct mode of illumination.

High-speed multi-frame camera by which a lot of time series images with adequate spatial information can be obtained is widely used for recording in the process of wasting test. The non-kinematics supporting structure of the cemented cubic prism for three-frame in High-speed multi-frame camera is designed. The deformation of cubic prism with edge-length up to 112mm induced by gravity is calculated and the effect of the deformation on three-frame camera system is discussed. The deformation of the supporting structure of the cubic prism for three-frame under the gravity of cubic prisms and the lower-order modes are also calculated. The first natural frequency of the supporting structure of the cubic prism is better than 1000Hz, which indicates that the supporting structure of the cubic prism is with good stiffness and reliable. The research in this paper is favorable for the application of cubic beam splitter prism in high-speed multi-frame camera.

Infrared polarization imaging technology is a new detection technique, and it can distinguish busy background and target through the infrared polarization characteristics of target. Compared with the traditional infrared imaging technology, infrared polarization imaging technology has obvious preponderance at the aspect of target identify. Based on the characteristics that the infrared polarization image can highlight the target contour and enhance the detail of the scene, an infrared polarization fusion method based on wavelet packet transform is proposed. And a new color reconstruction method based on wavelet packet is presented through analyzed corresponding relation between HSV color space and radiation and polarization images. The innovative point is that use the fusion image instead of radiation image be transmitted channels V of HSV space, and the fusion images are gain by wavelet packet transform. Meanwhile, it is objective evaluated that the color reconstruction image by objective evaluation function based on details. The evaluation function is contrast index of frequency band. The result show that the new method that is presented can enhance detail information, and it is helpful to study color fusion.

Adopting the advantages of contourlet such as multiscale, localization, directionality and anisotropy, a multifocus image fusion algorithm based on contourlet transform is developed [1]. Source images are firstly decomposed to domain of the contourlet transform. The image fusion is then implemented in subbands with different scale and direction combining. The fusion rule with maximum absolute value coefficient is used to fuse the high frequency subbands, while the rule dependent on the image’s spatial frequencies and contrast are applied to the low frequency subbands. Finally the fused image is obtained through inverse transform. Experimental results show that the fused image using this algorithm has better subjective visual effect, and is better than the one using traditional Laplacian pyramid algorithm and wavelet based algorithm.

Progressive addition lenses are a kind of ophthalmic lenses with freeform surface. The surface curvature of the progressive addition lenses varies gradually from a minimum value in the upper, far-view zone, to a maximum value in the lower, near-view zone. The increasing mean power from far-view zone to near-view zone is called addition mean power. The far-view zone, near-view zone and the intermediate zone are called effective usable area of the lens. In this paper, the design principles of progressive addition lenses are discussed. Several kinds of design methods are illustrated, and their advantages and disadvantages are also represented. A global optimizing method using curvature compensation is proposed which can reduce the undesirable astigmatism in some regions of the progressive addition lens surface while retaining desirable optical features of the progressive lenses. The total optimizing design thought is to reduce astigmatism of each point by reducing the curvature difference using curvature compensation. The value of the surface vector height of the optimized PAL is calculated by adding the value of the surface vector height of the initially designed PAL and the value of the surface vector height of a new freeform. The contours of the power and astigmatism of the initially designed PAL and optimized PAL from the example are given. It is shown that the largest astigmatism is reduced after optimization and the effective usable area in the far-view zone is expanded obviously.

The advantages and disadvantages of the traditional PID control and the fuzzy control principle are analyzed. A fuzzy-PID controller is designed for the airborne stabilized platform, to meet the requirements for tracking precision and response speed. The simulation result from MATLAB verified the validity of the method. The dynamic performance of the system has been improved, and the overshoot decreased. At the same time, the stable precision and the response speed are improved obviously.

In this paper, we present a novel automatic image segmentation method, which combines the active contour method and the saliency map method. The saliency map which is obtained by inversing the spectral residual of the image brings a priori knowledge to bear on the image segmentation. The initial level set function is constructed from saliency map. In this way, an automatic initialization of the level set evolution can be obtained. This method can minimize the iterations of the level set evolution. The efficiency and accuracy of the method are demonstrated by the experiments on the synthetic and real images.

To realize the smoothing character of continuous phase plate the tolerance capability of this kind element is analyzed in this paper. A series of wavefront with different aberrant parameters are simulated and the far-field distributions of these wavefront are calculated. The results show that with the varying of the distortion depth of the aberrant wavefront, the distribution of the far-field faculas are calculated. To analyze the tolerance of continuous phase plate, the rms values of the far-field faculas about the aberrant wavefront are calculated.

Designed and implemented a new type of hybrid super-doped fiber fluorescent sources，Experiments using laser-diode-pumped erbium-doped fiber and Tm-doped fiber,Two 3dB couplers with broadband fiber reflector as,While taking advantage of the power control circuit for light stable light output, Get S + C + L-band ultra-bandwidth optical fiber light source. Received light power of 28 mW total, Bandwidth from 1460 nm to 1610 nm. The use of optical fiber loop mirror, Not only improved the flatness of the light source, And greatly improve the conversion efficiency of bare.

Surface cleanness and roughness to BK-7 substrates are important factors affecting the performance of laser optics. The conventional RCA cleaning method is widely used in removing particles from substrate surface, with high removal efficiency but rough surface. Therefore, more precise control of the chemical cleaning performance of BK-7 substrate is required than what is available today. In this study, four groups of BK-7 samples were dealt with different cleaning treatments to explore the effects of chemical solutions. The influences of chemical solutions on removal efficiency, etching depth and surface roughness were studied. An optimal cleaning method of BK-7 substrates was proposed, which could remove contaminations completely and gets smoother surface.

Integral imaging (II) is a technique that is capable of displaying 3D images with continuous parallax in full natural color. At present Integral Imaging is a popular three-dimensional imaging technology. It is becoming the most perspective technique in developing next generation three-dimensional TV (3DTV) and visualization field due to its outstanding advantages. The micro-lens array is used in recording and replaying 3D scene information in this technique with true color, simply reconstruction and non-relevant light source. In order to research really many precision instrument are required. But the price is too high to set up a complicated authentic imaging system. In the same time the imaging condition is very difficult to satisfy. ASAP (Advanced System Analysis Program) is an advanced imitates optical software to solve reality optical questions. It is used in many research territories. In this paper the ASAP software is proposed to simulate and model the micro-lens array sheet. The ray tracing and energy distribution is completed. According to the study results we can optimum lens designing through modifying the focal length, aperture size and imaging position. We hope the study cost can be reduced and the efficiency can be improved through the use of simulation method to optical design software ASAP.