Handbook of Optical Biomedical Diagnostics, Second Edition, Volume 1: Light-Tissue Interaction

Editor(s): Valery V. Tuchin

Published: 2016

https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2219603

PDF ISBN: 9781628416701 | Print ISBN: 9781628419092

DESCRIPTION

Since the publication of the first edition of the Handbook in 2002, optical methods for biomedical diagnostics have developed in many well-established directions, and new trends have also appeared. To encompass all current methods, the text has been updated and expanded into two volumes.

Volume 1: Light - Tissue Interaction features eleven chapters, five of which focus on the fundamental physics of light propagation in turbid media such as biological tissues. The six following chapters introduce near-infrared techniques for the optical study of tissues and provide a snapshot of current applications and developments in this dynamic and exciting field. Topics include the scattering of light in disperse systems, the optics of blood, tissue phantoms, a comparison between time-resolved and continuous-wave methods, and optoacoustics.

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Front Matter

CHAPTER 1.

Introduction to Light Scattering by Biological Objects

Nikolai Khlebtsov , Irina Maksimova , Igor Meglinski , LIhong Wang , Valery Tuchin

Chapter Outline +

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Extinction and Scattering of Light in Disperse Systems: Basic Theoretical Approaches
1.3 Theoretical Methods for Single-Particle Light-Scattering Calculations
1.3.1 Basic parameters for single-particle light scattering
1.3.2 Exact analytical and numerical methods
1.3.2.1 Separation of variables and T-matrix methods (SVM and TM)
1.3.2.2 Integral equation method
1.3.2.3 Discrete dipole approximation
1.3.3 Approximate theories
1.3.3.1 Rayleigh approximation
1.3.3.2 Rayleigh–Debye–Gans approximation
1.3.3.3 Anomalous diffraction and related approximations
1.3.4 Other methods and approximations
1.4 Extinction and Scattering by Aggregated and Compounded Structures
1.4.1 Approximate and discrete dipole approximation methods
1.4.2 Superposition method
1.4.3 T-matrix formalism for cluster scattering
1.4.4 Fractal aggregates
1.5 Extinction and Scattering by Plasmon-Resonant Particles
1.5.1 Localized plasmon resonance of small metal spheres
1.5.2 Metal nanorods
1.5.3 Metal nanoshells
1.5.4 Coupled plasmon resonances: bisphere and linear chain examples
1.6 Tissue Structure and Relevant Optical Models
1.6.1 Continuous and discrete models of tissues
1.6.2 Shape and sizes of particles in discrete tissue models
1.6.3 Optical constants of tissues, heterogeneity, and optical softness
1.6.4 Anisotropy of tissues
1.6.5 Volume fraction of the particles
1.6.6 Effects of spatial ordering
1.6.7 Fractal properties of tissues
1.7 Light Scattering by Densely Packed Correlated Particles
1.7.1 Pair distribution function g(r)
1.7.2 Light scattering by a system of particles in the single-scattering approximation
1.7.3 Angular characteristics for polarized light scattering
1.7.4 Spectral characteristics of scattering systems
1.7.5 Consideration of multiple-scattering effects in a system of densely packed particles
1.7.6 Birefringence of a system of anisotropic particles
1.8 Application of Radiative Transfer Theory to Tissue Optics
1.8.1 Approximation methods for solution of the radiation transfer equation
1.8.1.1 The first-order approximation
1.8.1.2 Diffusion approximation
1.8.1.3 Small-angular approximation
1.8.1.4 Flux theory
1.8.1.5 Vector radiative transfer equation
1.8.2 Monte Carlo simulation
1.8.2.1 Introduction
1.8.2.2 Simulation algorithm
1.8.2.3 Calculation of LSM for a multiple-scattering system
1.8.2.4 Degree of linear and circular polarization of light interacting with tissues
1.8.2.5 Simulation of two-dimensional reflection and transmission LSM
1.8.2.6 Simulation of the spectra of transmission, reflection, and scattering
1.9 Nephelometry and Polarization Methods for Diagnostics of Bioobjects
1.9.1 Relations between the LSM elements: depolarization criterion
1.9.2 Angular dependence of the scattering intensity of nondepolarized light
1.9.3 Measurements of the angular dependences of the scattering matrix elements
1.9.4 The LSM for some biological objects
1.9.5 Effects of circular light probing and optical activity
1.10 Controlling Optical Properties of Tissues
1.11 Circularly Polarized Light
1.12 Summary
Acknowledgments
References

CHAPTER 2.

Optics of Blood

Anna Yaroslavsky , Ilya Yaroslavsky

Chapter Outline +

CHAPTER 3.

Propagation of Pulses and Photon Density Waves in Turbid Media

Ilya Yaroslavsky , Anna Yaroslavsky , Juan Rodriguez

Chapter Outline +

CHAPTER 4.

Coherence Phenomena and Statistical Properties of Multiply Scattered Light

Dmitry Zimnyakov

Chapter Outline +

CHAPTER 5.

Tissue Phantoms

Alexander Pravdin , George Filippidis , Giannis Zacharakis , Theodore Papazoglou , Valery Tuchin

Chapter Outline +

CHAPTER 6.

Time-Resolved Imaging in Diffusive Media

Heidrun Wabnitz , Juan Rodriguez , Ilya Yaroslavsky , Anna Yaroslavsky , Valery Tuchin

Chapter Outline +

6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Looking through turbid tissues with conventional imaging techniques
6.1.2 Sharpening images in diffusive media: the early history of the time-resolved method
6.2 General Concepts in Time-Resolved Imaging through Highly Diffusive Media
6.2.1 Transmittance methods
6.2.1.1 Time-gated shadowgraphs
6.2.1.2 Diffuse transmittance imaging
6.2.2 Time-resolved optical tomography
6.2.2.1 The back-projection technique
6.2.2.2 Diffuse tomography methods
6.2.3 Depth-resolved imaging
6.2.3.1 Coherent back-scattering
6.2.3.2 Diffuse reflectance imaging
6.3 Experimental Tools for Time-Resolved Imaging
6.3.1 General considerations
6.3.1.1 Ballistic photons must be sampled on a picosecond time scale
6.3.1.2 Ballistic photons are attenuated by four orders of magnitude for every millimeter traveled
6.3.1.3 The diffuse signal rises and falls on a time scale of hundreds of picoseconds
6.3.1.4 Diffuse signals are attenuated by one order of magnitude for every centimeter traveled
6.3.1.5 Unlike x-ray CT, the radiation employed in optical scanners often cannot travel in open air spaces
6.3.2 Pulsed light sources
6.3.2.1 Mode-locked lasers
6.3.2.2 Pulsed semiconductor lasers
6.3.2.3 Other laser systems
6.3.3 Detection systems based on time-correlated single photon counting
6.3.3.1 TCSPC principle
6.3.3.2 Detectors for TCSPC
6.3.4 Other high-speed detection systems
6.3.4.1 Streak cameras
6.3.4.2 Gated cameras
6.3.5 Light guides
6.4 Technical Designs for Time-Resolved Imaging
6.4.1 Transmittance imaging
6.4.1.1 Time-gated 2D projections
6.4.1.2 Diffuse transmittance imaging
6.4.2 Time-resolved optical tomography
6.4.3 Reflectance imaging
6.4.3.1 Depth-resolved coherence imaging
6.4.3.2 Diffuse reflectance imaging
6.5 Toward Clinical Applications
6.5.1 Time-domain optical mammography
6.5.2 Time-domain optical brain imaging
6.5.2.1 Optical tomography of the infant brain
6.5.2.2 Functional optical brain imaging and cerebral oximetry in adults
6.5.2.3 Perfusion assessment by ICG bolus tracking
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

CHAPTER 7.

Frequency-Domain Techniques for Tissue Spectroscopy and Imaging

Sergio Fantini , Angelo Sassaroli

Chapter Outline +

CHAPTER 8.

Monitoring of Brain Activity with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Hui Gong , Qingming Luo , Shaoqun Zeng , Shoko Nioka , Yasufumi Kuroda , Britton Chance

Chapter Outline +

8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Brain mapping by time-resolved and frequency-domain imaging systems
8.1.2 The concepts of NIRS signals as a measure of neuronal activities
8.1.2.1 Time delay between neuronal activation and blood signals
8.1.2.2 Problems surrounding astrocytes and high oxygen tension during activation
8.1.2.3 What is the smallest activation unit in the brain?
8.1.2.4 Problems of adapting NIR to brain functional imaging
8.2 Continuous-Wave Functional Near-Infrared Imaging
8.2.1 Photon migration
8.2.1.1 Light absorption changes with oxygenation and blood volume and algorithm for the instrumentation
8.2.1.2 A Monte Carlo model in multi-voxeled tissues
8.2.2 Instrumentation and performance
8.2.2.1 Light absorption changes with oxygenation and blood volume and algorithm for the instrumentation
8.2.2.2 Imager description
8.2.2.3 Measuring and imaging algorithms
8.2.2.4 Noise and drift test
8.2.2.5 High signal-to-noise ratio CW-NIRS system
8.3 Monitoring of Human Brain Activity with CW Functional Optical Imager
8.3.1 Motor cortex in finger tapping
8.3.2 n-back test
8.3.2.1 Subjects
8.3.2.2 Materials and procedure
8.3.2.3 Results and discussions
8.3.3 The study of children with developmental dyslexia
8.3.3.1 Subjects
8.3.3.2 Materials and procedure
8.3.3.3 Results and discussions
8.3.4 Stem recognition performance measurement
8.3.4.1 Subjects
8.3.4.2 Materials and procedure
8.3.4.3 Results and discussions
8.3.5 Pinpoint source location for ocular nonselective attention
8.3.5.1 Subjects
8.3.5.2 Materials and procedure
8.3.5.3 Results and discussions
8.3.6 Cognitive Conflict Control
8.3.6.1 Subjects
8.3.6.2 Materials and Procedure
8.3.6.3 Results and discussions
8.3.7 Motor skill learning
8.3.7.1 “Tie a knot”
8.3.7.2 Driving skill test and learning
8.3.8 Thinking process and learning: “insight signal” through verbal stimuli
8.3.8.1 Word association
8.3.8.2 Anagram test and learning
8.3.9 PFC responses to emotional stresses
8.3.9.1 Emotional face recognition
8.3.9.2 Deception and social inhibition
8.3.10 Optical neuronal signals in the visual cortex
8.3.10.1 Materials and procedure
8.3.10.2 Results
8.4 Future Prospects
References