Kinetic energy from vibrations emerging from mechanical systems such as machines and vehicles has been thoroughly studied as a power source in the last two decades. Numerous kinetic energy harvesters have been built to convert human locomotion into electrical power but haven’t been implemented on a wide commercial scale. On the other hand, energy harvesters for farm animals haven’t been studied as much. In this paper, we present a three-dimensional electromagnetic induction based kinetic energy harvester optimized specifically for cattle wearable applications. All the device parameters are obtained with an empirical optimization procedure by considering specific cattle locomotion characteristics. The prototype is 3-D printed with low friction and impact resistant materials. Finally, the device is tested in a real free grazing scenario with live cattle. The kinetic energy harvester performed well and was able to power the load and transmit animal body temperature data over long distances for up to 7 times/h.
In this paper the authors present a novel application for electromagnetic kinetic energy harvesting focusing on farm animal wearables used in precision livestock farming IoT technologies. Converting the locomotion of domesticated animals, like cow steps or cow ear movement, into electrical energy with inertial kinetic energy harvesters hasn’t been fully researched thus far. The kinetic energy converted this way could potentially be used to power smart farming wearables used for location, disease or lifecycle events detection, thus eliminating the need for finite lifetime batteries. In this work, a proof-of-concept of a cow step energy harvester is presented in detail. At first a short review of the state of the art is given which formed the basis of the research, followed by locomotion logging experiments. Finite element modelling of the kinetic energy harvester is used for parameter analysis and initial design followed by laboratory testing and available power estimation. Finally, the construction of the wearable harvester is presented together with custom wearable measuring equipment. Field experiments were performed with free grazing Finncattle at a dairy farm in Tampere, Finland, which proved that a cow step based kinetic energy harvester can be used to power a Bluetooth beacon.
In this paper, the restoration strategies with QoS-guarantee for optical network services are introduced. For that purpose optical network services in WDM networks are classified according to the quality degree and restorability required. In particular, the self-healing aspects of service restoration are studied. The simulation results for networks with arbitrary topology and service quality degree as well as for service-specific restoration methods are presented and studied on their applicability.
PHOTON is one of the ACTS projects which aims at the development of selected concepts for the future transport network and at the implementation of its key functionalities in a field trial for demonstration of the feasibility and validation of the networking ideas. Within the project PHOTON the design of the all-optical nodes for the optical transport network will be demonstrated and verified in the PHOTON field trial called PHOTONET. In PHOTONET, a border crossing star network between Munich and Vienna via Passau will be implemented demonstrating transmission and cross- connection of optical frequency division multiplexed signals over already installed single mode fiber, spanning a distance of 524 km. The optical cross connect (OCC) builds the inner node of the network, connecting several FDM links (multichannel ports) and a number of single channel ports. The latter ones are used for adding local add/drop functionality to the OCC. The principal functions of an OCC are to perform all-optical cross-connecting, optical signal supervision, optical signal regeneration and add/drop functionality. The optical terminal multiplexer (OTMX) builds the interface between the client network and the optical transport network. The basic functions of the OTMX are the provision of the interface to the existing transport networks and to the novel leased optical channel service. The OCC and OTMX architectures are modular, so that any new requests for improvement of their functionality (as frequency conversion or fiber protection switching) can be easily achieved.
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