KEYWORDS: Web services, Geographic information systems, Internet, Standards development, Information science, Data processing, Information fusion, Databases, Information technology, Process modeling
Knowledge sharing and semantic interoperability is a significant research theme in Geographical Information Science
(GIScience) because many researchers believe that semantic heterogeneity has been identified as the main obstacle for
GIScience development. Interoperability issues can exist at three levels: syntactic, structural (also called systemic) and
semantic. The former two, however, can be achieved by implementing international or domain standards proposed by
several organizations, for example, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the
International Organization for Standardization/Technical Committee for Geographic information/Geomatics (ISO/TC
211). In this paper, we are concentrating on semantic interoperability, which is the sort of topic that halt conversations
and cause people's eyes to glaze over, from two aspects: data/information/knowledge and operation/processing. We
presented a service-centered architecture for semantic interoperability of geospatial data and processes. OGC standards
like Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Map Service (WMS) have been employed as normative interfaces for
analyzing requests, division requests and delivering small requests. Ontology has been introduced to describe distributed
resource including various data and geo-processing operations. The role of interoperability, especially from semantic
perspective, has been distinguished at the first section in this paper. As a fundamental principal, the following section
introduces semantic web, web service and other related works at this orientation. We present our service-based
architecture in detail and its simple application at part three. Conclusion and further orientations have been illustrated at
last section.
Map projections are attempts to portray the surface of the earth or a portion of the earth onto a flat map surface. This can
not be done without any distortions of conformality, distance, direction, scale, and area. There are many map projections,
and each of them has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The mapmaker must select the one best suited to their
application needs, reducing distortion of the most important features. However, how to select a 'proper' map projection
is a complex process involving general evaluation of map projection alternatives based on a set of characteristics that
describe these projections. And this process needs a systemic understanding of map projection, which usually can not be
achieved by end users. This paper introduced Expert system (ES) to solve this problem, and used Component Objects
Model (COM) technology to develop and interoperate the proposed system (developed with Visual Prolog 7.0 Personal
Edition®) with professional Geographical Information System (GIS) software. As an essential part of the article, the
authors also represented the knowledge, rules and reasoning methods of selecting an appropriate map projection as well.
Implementations and examples had been given to testify the feasibility.
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