This paper describes the development of an active-pixel sensor (APS) panel, which has a field-of-view of 23.1×17.1 cm
and features 70-μm-sized pixels arranged in a 3300×2442 array format, for digital mammographic applications. The
APS panel was realized on 12-inch wafers based on the standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)
technology without physical tiling processes of several small-area sensor arrays. Electrical performance of the developed
panel is described in terms of dark current, full-well capacity and leakage current map. For mammographic imaging, the
optimized CsI:Tl scintillator is experimentally determined by being combined with the developed panel and analyzing im
aging characteristics, such as modulation-transfer function, noise-power spectrum, detective quantum efficiency, image l
ag, and contrast-detail analysis by using the CDMAM 3.4 phantom. With these results, we suggest that the developed
CMOS-based detector can be used for conventional and advanced digital mammographic applications.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, X-ray imaging, X-ray detectors, Modulation transfer functions, Photodiodes, CMOS sensors, Transistors, Electrons, Signal to noise ratio
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensors (APSs) with high electrical and optical
performances are now being attractive for digital radiography (DR) and dental cone-beam computed tomography
(CBCT). In this study, we report our prototype CMOS-based detectors capable of real-time imaging. The field-of-view
of the detector is 12 × 14.4 cm. The detector employs a CsI:Tl scintillator as an x-ray-to-light converter. The electrical
performance of the CMOS APS, such as readout noise and full-well capacity, was evaluated. The x-ray imaging
characteristics of the detector were evaluated in terms of characteristic curve, pre-sampling modulation transfer function,
noise power spectrum, detective quantum efficiency, and image lag. The overall performance of the detector is
demonstrated with phantom images obtained for DR and CBCT applications. The detailed development description and
measurement results are addressed. With the results, we suggest that the prototype CMOS-based detector has the
potential for CBCT and real-time x-ray imaging applications.
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