KEYWORDS: Holography, Wavefronts, Printing, 3D displays, 3D printing, Electromagnetism, Communication engineering, Communication and information technologies, Photonics, Electro-optical engineering
In this paper, we introduce hologram printing technology. This technology includes the following technologies, computer-generated hologram, hologram printer, duplication, and application-depended technologies. When this technology is applied to static hologram, the media can present static 3D objects more clearly than traditional 3D technologies such as lenticular lens and integral photography(IP) because it is based on holography. When this technology is applied to holographic optical elements(HOE), the HOE will be useful for many purposes especially for large optical elements. For example, when it is used as screen, the visual system which consists of the screen and projector can present dynamic 2D or 3D objects. Since this technology digitally designs hologram/HOE and manufactures them by wavefront printer, it is good at generating small lot of production. As a result, it is effective for the research stage of both 2D and 3D display. In addition, it is also effective for commercial stage due to simple duplication method.
A hologram of a scene can be digitally created by using a large set of images of that scene. Since capturing such a large amount is infeasible to accomplish, one may use view synthesis approaches to reduce the number of cameras and generate the missing views. We propose a view interpolation algorithm that creates views inside the scene, based on a sparse set of camera images. This allows the objects to pop out of the holographic display. We show that our approach outperforms existing view synthesis approaches and show the applicability on holographic stereograms.
Several wavefront printers have been recently proposed. Since the printers can record an arbitrary computer-generated wavefront, they are expected to be useful for fabricating complex mirror arrays used in front projection 3-D screens without using real existing optics. We prototyped two transparent reflective screens using our hologram printer in experiments. These screens could compensate for a spherically distorted reference wave caused by a short projection distance to obtain an ideal reference wave. Owing to the use of the wavefront-printed screen, the 3-D display was simply composed of a normal 2-D projector and a screen without using extra optics. In our binocular system, reflected light rays converged to the left and right eyes of the observer and the crosstalk was less than 8%. In the light field system, the reflected light rays formed a spatially sampled light field and focused a virtual object in a depth range of ±30 mm with a ±13.5-deg viewing angle. By developing wavefront printing technology, a complex optics array may easily be printed by nonprofessionals for optics manufacturing.
Wavefront printing for a digitally-designed hologram has got attentions recently. In this printing, a spatial light modulator (SLM) is used for displaying a hologram data and the wavefront is reproduced by irradiating the hologram with a reference light the same way as electronic holography. However, a pixel count of current SLM devices is not enough to display an entire hologram data. To generate a practical digitally-designed hologram, the entire hologram data is divided into a set of sub-hologram data and wavefront reproduced by each sub-hologram is sequentially recorded in tiling manner by using X-Y motorized stage. Due to a lack of positioning an accuracy of X-Y motorized stage and the temporal incoherent recording, phase continuity of recorded/reproduced wavefront is lost between neighboring subholograms. In this paper, we generate the holograms that have different size of sub-holograms with an overlap or nonoverlap, and verify the size of sub-holograms effect on the reconstructed images. In the result, the reconstructed images degrade with decreasing the size of sub-holograms and there is little or no degradation of quality by the wavefront printing with the overlap.
KEYWORDS: Wavefronts, Printing, 3D image reconstruction, Holograms, Holography, Diffraction, Spatial light modulators, 3D acquisition, 3D image processing, 3D printing
A hologram recording technique, generally called as “wavefront printer”, has been proposed by several research groups for static three-dimensional (3D) image printing. Because the pixel number of current spatial light modulators (SLMs) is not enough to reconstruct the entire wavefront in recording process, typically, hologram data is divided into a set of subhologram data and each wavefront is recorded sequentially as a small sub-hologram cell in tiling manner by using X-Y motorized stage. However since previous works of wavefront printer do not optimize the cell size, the reconstructed images were degraded by obtrusive split line due to visible cell size caused by too large cell size for human eyesight, or by diffraction effect due to discontinuity of phase distribution caused by too small cell size. In this paper, we introduce overlapping recording approach of sub-holograms to achieve both conditions: enough smallness of apparent cell size to make cells invisible and enough largeness of recording cell size to suppress diffraction effect by keeping the phase continuity of reconstructed wavefront. By considering observing condition and optimization of the amount of overlapping and cell size, in the experiment, the proposed approach showed higher quality 3D image reconstruction while the conventional approach suffered visible split lines and cells.
To develop a 3D display which can show true 3D images is very important and necessary. Holography has great potential to achieve the objective because holography can actually reconstruct the recorded object in space by reconstruction of wavefront. Further, computer generated hologram (CGH) is used to solve the major issue of conventional holography, which means the recoding process is quite complicated and needs the real objects. The reconstructed image, however, will be blurred and with the unexpected light if using only one phase-only spatial light modulator (PSLM). Although to use two PSLMs by dual-phase modulation method (DPMM) can modulate the phase and the amplitude information simultaneously to enhance the quality of the reconstructed image, it is hard to use in practical application because of the extremely high accurate calibration of the two PSLMs. Therefore, double phase hologram (DPH) was proposed to use only one PSLM to modulate the phase and the amplitude information simultaneously to make the reconstructed image be more focused and eliminate the unexpected light.
KEYWORDS: Holograms, Holography, Photography, 3D image reconstruction, Video, Spatial light modulators, 3D displays, 3D image processing, Diffraction, Video acceleration
This paper describes electronic holography output of three-dimensional (3D) video with integral photography as input. A real-time 3D image reconstruction system was implemented by using a 4K (3840×2160) resolution IP camera to capture 3D images and converting them to 8K (7680×4320) resolution holograms. Multiple graphics processing units (GPUs) were used to create 8K holograms from 4K IP images. In addition, higher resolution holograms were created to successfully reconstruct live-scene video having a diagonal size of 6 cm using a large electronic holography display.
A holographic TV system based on multiview image and depth map coding and the analysis of coding noise effects in reconstructed images is proposed. A major problem for holographic TV systems is the huge amount of data that must be transmitted. It has been shown that this problem can be solved by capturing a three-dimensional scene with multiview cameras, deriving depth maps from multiview images or directly capturing them, encoding and transmitting the multiview images and depth maps, and generating holograms at the receiver side. This method shows the same subjective image quality as hologram data transmission with about 1/97000 of the data rate. Speckle noise, which masks coding noise when the coded bit rate is not extremely low, is shown to be the main determinant of reconstructed holographic image quality.
We have recently developed an electronic holography reconstruction system by tiling nine 4Kx2K liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) panels seamlessly. Magnifying optical systems eliminate the gaps between LCOS panels by forming enlarged LCOS images on the system’s output lenses. A reduction optical system reduces the tiled LCOS images to the original size, returning to the original viewing zone angle. Since this system illuminates each LCOS panel through polarized beam splitters (PBS) from different distances, viewing-zone-angle expansion was difficult since it requires illumination of each LCOS panel from different angles. In this paper, we investigated viewing-zone-angle expansion of this system by integrating point light sources in the magnifying optical system. Three optical fibers illuminate a LCOS panel from different angles in time-sequential order, reconstructing three continuous viewing-zones. Full-color image reconstruction was realized by switching the laser source among R, G, and B colors. We propose a fan-shaped optical fiber arrangement to compensate for the offset of the illumination beam center from the LCOS panel center. We also propose a solution for high-order diffraction light interference by inserting electronic shutter windows in the reduction optical system.
Electronic holography technology is expected to be used for realizing an ideal 3DTV system in the future, providing
perfect 3D images. Since the amount of fringe data is huge, however, it is difficult to broadcast or transmit it directly. To
resolve this problem, we investigated a method of generating holograms from depth images. Since computer generated
holography (CGH) generates huge fringe patterns from a small amount of data for the coordinates and colors of 3D
objects, it solves half of this problem, mainly for computer generated objects (artificial objects). For the other half of the
problem (how to obtain 3D models for a natural scene), we propose a method of generating holograms from multi-view
images and associated depth maps. Multi-view images are taken by multiple cameras. The depth maps are estimated
from the multi-view images by introducing an adaptive matching error selection algorithm in the stereo-matching
process. The multi-view images and depth maps are compressed by a 2D image coding method that converts them into
Global View and Depth (GVD) format. The fringe patterns are generated from the decoded data and displayed on
8K4K liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) display panels. The reconstructed holographic image quality is compared using
uncompressed and compressed images.
This paper introduces two 3D visual systems toward ultra-realistic communication. The first system includes integral photography video camera that uses a lens array and a 4K2K-resolution video camera for the capture of ray information at slightly separated locations. The second system includes camera array that uses 300 cameras to capture ray information at more sparse locations than integral photography. Both systems use electronic holography as an ideal 3D display. These systems are characterized in that the ray-based image sensors are used to capture 3D objects under natural light and electronic holography is used to reconstruct the 3D objects.
Phase-shifting digital holography is a hologram capture method used for natural scenes. We propose a method for
enlarging the viewing-zone angle for the electronic holography input. During hologram generation, if we use multiple
reference beams or multiple object beams whose incident angles differ slightly from each other, the viewing-zone angle
of the phase-shifted hologram can be expanded several times compared to the original. In the experiment, a phase-shifted
hologram with a viewing-zone angle of 16 degrees was generated using 3 object beams whose incident angles differ
from each other by 5.6 degrees.
We have developed some prototype systems for ultra-realistic communication in future using electronic holography as 3D display, since electronic holography is the technology to reconstruct ideal 3D objects in space. In this paper, we describe the basis of the systems and introduce three of them, i.e., a real-time electronic holography system with integral photography, wide viewing-zone-angle electronic holography system, and electronic holography system with camera array.
Computer generated holograms (CGH) are expected in holography 3D display for the reconstruction of realistic or artistic virtual 3D objects. We propose a CGH approach that combines computer graphics (CG) technology and wave propagation theory. Our approach is based on the following assumptions. Virtual 3D objects are described by the popular computer graphics format that uses a set of triangular surfaces, and CG technology can be used to render ray information on these surfaces. The hologram plane is flat. Each triangular surface is tilted (that is, not parallel) relative to the hologram plane. An advantage of our approach is that even though the surfaces are tilted, the sampling pitch on the tilted surfaces can be defined.
A wide viewing-zone-angle full-color electronic holography reconstruction system is developed. Time division
multiplexing of RGB color light and space division multiplexing of viewing-zone-angles are adopted to keep the optical
system compact. Undesirable light such as illumination light, phase conjugate light, and high-order diffraction light are
eliminated by half-zone-plate hologram generation and single sideband beam reconstruction. Color aberration and
astigmatism caused by the reproduction optical system are analyzed and reduced. The developed system expands
viewing-zone-angle of full-color holographic image three times wider than the original, suppressing undesirable light,
color aberration, and astigmatism.
KEYWORDS: Cameras, Holography, Stereo holograms, 3D displays, Stereoscopic cameras, Holograms, Signal processing, Current controlled current source, Fourier transforms, Optical design
Holographic stereograms can display 3D objects by using ray information. To display high quality representations of real 3D objects by using holographic stereograms, relatively dense ray information must be prepared as the 3D object information. One promising method of obtaining this information uses a combination of a camera array and view interpolation which is signal processing technique. However, it is still technically difficult to synthesize ray information without visible error by using view interpolation. Our approach uses a densely arranged camera array to reduce this difficulty. Even though view interpolation is a simple signal processing technique, the synthesized ray information produced by this camera array should be adequate. We designed and manufactured a densely arranged camera array and used it to generate holographic stereograms.
We are studying electronic holography and have developed a real-time color holography system for live scene
which includes three functional blocks, capture block, processing block, and display block. In this paper, we will
introduce our developed system after describing basic idea that quickly calculates hologram from IP image. The
first block, capture block, uses integral photography (IP) technology to capture color 3-D objects under natural
light in real time. The second block, processing block, consists of four general personal computers to generate
holograms from IP images in real time. Three half-zone-plated holograms for red, green and blue (RGB) channels
are generated for all captured IP images by using fast Fourier Transform. The last block, display block, mainly
consists of three liquid crystal displays to display the holograms and three laser sources for RGB to reconstruct
the color 3-D objects. All blocks work in real time, i.e., in 30 color frames per second.
Holography is considered as an ideal 3D display method. We generated a hologram under white light. The infrared depth
camera, which we used, captures the depth information as well as color video of the scene in 20mm of accuracy at 2m of
object distance. In this research, we developed a software converter to convert the HD resolution depth map to the
hologram. In this conversion method, each elemental diffraction pattern on a hologram plane was calculated beforehand
according to the object distance and the maximum diffraction angle determined by the reconstruction SLM device (high
resolution LCOS). The reconstructed 3D image was observed.
We are studying electronic holography and have already developed a real-time color holography system for live
scene which includes three functional blocks, capture block, processing block, and display block. One of the issues
of such systems is to spoil half of the captured 3-D information due to half-zone-plate processing in processing
block, which means the resolution of reconstructed 3-D objects is reduced to half at the instant of processing
block. This issue belongs to not only our system but also all similar systems, because electronic display devices
do not have enough resolution for hologram even now. In this paper, we propose to use semi-lens lens array
(SLLA) in capture block to solve this issue, whose optical axis of elemental lens is not at the center of elemental
lens but at the edge of it. In addition to that, we will describe the processing block for SLLA. We show the basic
experimental results that SLLA is better than general lens array.
We are studying electronic holography and have developed a real-time color holographic movie system which includes three functional blocks, capture block, processing block, and display block. We will introduce the system and its technology in this paper. The first block, capture block, uses integral photography (IP) technology to capture color 3-D objects in real time. This block mainly consists of a lens array with approximately 120(W)x67(H) convex lenses and a video camera with 1920(W)x1080(H) pixels to capture IP images. In addition to that, the optical system to reduce the crosstalk between elemental images is mounted. The second block, processing block, consists of two general personal computers to generate holograms from IP images in real time. Three half-zone-plated holograms for red, green and blue (RGB) channels are generated for each frame by using Fast Fourier Transform. The last block, display block, mainly consists of three liquid crystal displays for displaying the holograms and three laser sources for RGB to reconstruct the color 3-D objects. This block is a single-sideband holography display, which cuts off conjugate and carrier images from primary images. All blocks work in real time, i.e., in 30 frames per second.
KEYWORDS: Holograms, Digital signal processing, 3D image reconstruction, Lenses, Image processing, Photography, Field programmable gate arrays, Near field diffraction, Cameras, 3D image processing
Holography is a 3-D display method that fully satisfies the visual characteristics of the human eye. However, the
hologram must be developed in a darkroom under laser illumination. We attempted hologram generation under white
light by adopting an integral photography (IP) technique as the input. In this research, we developed a hardware
converter to convert IP input (with 120×66 elemental images) to a hologram with high definition television (HDTV)
resolution (approximately 2 million pixels). This conversion could be carried out in real time. In this conversion method,
each elemental image can be independently extracted and processed. Our hardware contains twenty 300-MHz floating-point
digital signal processors (DSPs) operating in parallel. We verified real-time conversion operations by the
implemented hardware.
Holography is one of the most promising candidates to realize a fully realistic 3D video communication system. We
propose a hologram generation method by using depth maps of real scenes. In this study, we employed a static laser
scanner and captured a depth map of real objects at 0.4mm resolution. Then, a Fresnel hologram was calculated off-line
on a computer. We used two types of SLMs. One is 12micron transparent LCD, and the other is 10.4micron pixel
reflective LCD panel. By irradiating He-Ne laser to the hologram, we observed 3D real object images are reconstructed
in the space with approx. 5cm of depth range.
Single-sideband holography with half-zone-plate processing is a well-known method of displaying computer generated holograms (CGHs) using electronic devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) that do not have narrow pixel intervals. Half-zone plate only permits primary images to pass through a single-sideband spatial filter and cuts off conjugate and carrier images; however, there is a problematic restriction on this method in that objects being shot must be either in front of or behind the hologram. This paper describes a new approach to simultaneously placing them on both sides of the hologram, which means we can eliminate this restriction. The underlying idea is when half-zone plate permits the primary images in front of the hologram to pass through a single-sideband spatial filter, the conjugate images cannot pass through it. When we prepare a half-zone plate on the opposite side, the primary images on both sides of the hologram can pass through but the conjugate images cannot. This approach not only doubles the area of objects but also reduces computational time because objects can be placed close to the hologram. We implemented this approach, tested it, and confirmed its effectiveness.
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