This publication is a review of the application of remote sensing methods for wildlife population monitoring in zoology. Remote sensing methods are divided into four categories. The first category of methods examines the application of camera traps, the second is about application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), the third category examines the application of satellite images, and the fourth category is summarizing studies focused on GPS tracking. The use of camera traps for monitoring wildlife populations proved to be a very applicable and reliable field method for collecting appropriate data on large mammals. Monitoring animal populations through satellites is a method that allows many biogeographic hypotheses related to migration and species distribution. Data obtained from satellite platforms is used as an indirect method in zoology to assess the habitats and food base of animals, as well as to create models of species distribution. Images obtained from UAVs are a new method for conducting studies of wildlife populations, showing greater accuracy and efficiency than conventional methods. GPS tracking is an extremely suitable method used to identify breeding and wintering sites, migration routes, and resting places of many species of migratory birds and mammals. The literature review shows that monitoring animal populations through remote sensing methods are cost and time effective methods that can be successfully performed without exposing researchers to risk. It allows monitoring of difficult-to-access places and large territories as well as to create models of species distribution.
As a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and signatory of UN Paris Agreement Bulgaria has the obligation to submit annual Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory covering emissions and removals of GHGs from Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). In particular, for calculation of GHG emissions and removals from LULUCF information about land area is needed for different land uses at yearly basis and at national level. This research focuses on tracking the changes in land cover and land use (Forest land, Cropland, Grassland, Wetlands, Settlements, Other land) for 2012-2021 period based on developed satellite database for the territory of selected test area - South-Eastern (Yugoiztochen) region for the needs of GHG reporting in Bulgaria. The main purpose of the study is to investigate how the application of remote sensing tools can contribute for the country to switch to a higher Tier and Approach 3: spatially explicit land-use and land use change data. The results can be considered by the decision- makers to overcome the challenges they face in improving Transparency, accuracy, consistency, comparability and completeness of GHG emission estimates.
Phenocams that capture images of a given area in the RGB or near-infrared (NIR) spectrum have been used for more than a decade to estimate phenology in natural landscapes and crop fields. The aim of our study is to estimate phenological parameters, start (SOS) and end (EOS) of season, for barley, from RGB and NIR Phenocam and compare them with in-situ observations from two sites, one with growing season 2014/2015 and the other with growing season 2021/2022. Time series of Phenocam Green Chromatic Coordinate (GCC) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were computed then scaled to Harmonized Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 surface (HLS), available for both sites, and Sentinel-2 (S2), available for only one site, datasets. The HLS and S2 datasets were gap filled with classical and machine learning methods before the scaling. Phenological parameters were extracted from the scaled GCC and NDVI Phenocam data and from the gap filled HLS and S2 datasets. Our preliminary results show that the SOS can be modelled with one day difference compared with the in-situ observed with the scaled Phenocam NDVI and a week difference compared with the in-situ observed with gap filled HLS and S2 datasets with both vegetation indices.
The development of mobile communications in the past decade imposed a real risk to human health. The ever growing technology needs and developments in the telecommunication technology are one of the environmental issues of the urban environments. One solution to accommodate the technology developments is to optimize the mobile communications network which is a topic of investigation of many scientific and technology teams. In order to optimize the network it is necessary to make regular measurements and assess the risk on human health and optimize the mobile network on the basis of software defined radio /SDR/. In European Union /EU/ and in Bulgaria are present regulations for the control of electromagnetic field /EMF/ emissions. Investigation of the EMF pollution on the territory of Sofia municipality is performed within the domain from 100 MHz to 7 GHz using standard measurement equipment, and portative field spectrometer based on SDR. The characteristics of the three spectrometers provide for a more in depth analysis of the EMF sources. The field measurements are continuous during day and nighttime. The data is stored in a personal geodatabase format (ESRI Inc., Academic license) and MySQL and stored on the FTP server of Technical University /TU/ of Sofia IT infrastructure. The data is visualized on a web-portal developed by TU team. In conclusion is analyzed the opportunities for urban developments in view of urban planning for the development of the city of Sofia in compliance with national and EU environmental legislation.
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