We present a new approach for building three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals from periodic nanoparticle lattices that use spacers between plasmonic particles to control particle interactions, as compared to typical designs where dielectric materials are in contact. We delineate a set of simple yet general design principles that can be used to quickly derive the superlattice stopband features based on just two lattice parameters: nanoparticle-layer periodicity and volume fraction. By fixing the lattice parameters and comparing stopband properties from lattices composed of a variety of metallic and dielectric nanoparticles, we show that plasmonic nanoparticles are advantageous for optimizing the stopband features in photonic crystals made with nanoparticles and spacers.
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