The current trend in diagnostic assay development is toward the use of smaller and smaller biological samples. The assay will then be required to identify a trace amount of a particular protein, nucleic acid or chemical species within a complex mixture of molecules. Due to the inherently low amount of analyte in these samples, a very sensitive detection device is required to make the measurement. In addition, many assays are becoming multi-parametric in order to reduce cost and lower the turnaround time of analysis. The increase in sample numbers can be dealt with by highly parallel analysis of samples either in an array format or in adjacent micro-channels. Another factor pushing the development toward highly parallel analysis is the desire to use high throughput methods to do measurements on multiple source samples in parallel. The highly parallel analysis can be readily achieved with imaging methods in contrast to the point measurements usually employed in current instrumentation. This paper will examine the recent trends in scientific grade CCD based imaging systems that are being driven by new development in CCD sensors, intensifiers and camera designs.
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