The increasing demand for novel fiber design has brought major challenges with the current fabrication methods. Additive manufacturing is an innovative fabrication process that has been attracting attention to the optical fiber community. 3D printed porous bodies from commercial silica powder were produced based on selective laser sintering (SLS). Complex structures such as antiresonant fiber (ARF), photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and multicore fiber (MCF) preforms were produced by this method. Additionally, a multi-material fiber with a silica cladding and a GeO2-SiO2 core was fabricated from a 3D printed preform. The optical and physical properties of the fabricated 3D printed structures were reported.
Thulium-doped fibers pumped with 79xnm high power diodes enable a cross-relaxation process to achieve two excited ions for one pump photon, reaching a quantum efficiency up to 200% in the two-micron band. For high power operation at longer wavelengths <2100nm, where the Thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) efficiency drops considerable, holmiumdoped fiber lasers (HDFLs) are usually the preferred choice. However, as the Ho3+ ion has no absorption bands where high power diodes are available, TDFLs are traditionally used as a pump source. Therefore, the overall optical to optical conversion efficiency is dependent on the performance of TDFL. This approach also brings additional challenges to the fiber fabrication process as conventional low-index polymers that serve as a pump cladding in double clad fibers cannot be used due to the high absorption of polymer at two microns band and thus, there is a need for an all-glass fiber structure. In this work, we report on the fabrication and laser characterization of a Tm:Ho co-doped fiber in an aluminosilicate host fabricated by using a hybrid gas phase-solution doping technique combined with the MCVD process, where aluminum was introduced into the silica matrix through vapor phase deposition and the rare-earths by solution doping process. The proposed fabrication technique allows more uniform dopant distribution within the fiber core region that helps to achieve a good laser performance. We have demonstrated a free running laser, operating at 2105nm with an output power of <37W and a laser efficiency of ~56% with respect to the absorbed pump power when cladding pumped by a 793nm laser diode. As evident from the experimental results that the donor-acceptor energy transfer from Tm3+ to Ho3+ ions is working in our Tm:Ho co-doped fiber.
Thermal poling, a technique to create permanently effective second-order susceptibility in silica optical fibers, has recently been improved by the discovery of an “induction poling” technique1 and the adoption of liquid electrodes2, allowing for poling fibers of any length and geometry. Nevertheless, the nonlinearity created via thermal poling is always limited by the 𝜒(3)of the optical fiber material and by the maximum electric field that can be frozen inside the glass. For these reasons research is ongoing to determine routes for further improving the nonlinear effects due to the thermal poling process. In this work, we propose to enhance the effects of the thermal poling by exploiting the intrinsic nonlinear properties of some 2D materials3, which are deposited inside the cladding holes of a twin-hole silica fiber. The materials we focused on are 2D Transition Metal Chalcogenide (2D TMDC) MoS2 and WS2 and the technique adopted to realize the deposition inside the cladding channels of a twin-hole step index silica fiber consists of a thermal decomposition process4 of the precursor ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (NH4)2MoS4 in 6% H2/Ar flow. The technique has allowed us to uniformly coat the two cladding channels for a length of ≈25 cm with a film nominally consisting in a bi-layer of the 2D materials. A Raman based analysis has been used to test the morphology of the coating. The fiber deposited with 2D materials was later thermally poled and periodically erased via exposure to UV light to reach the QPM condition at a wavelength of ≈1550 nm. The effective 𝜒(2) of the fiber was measured via SHG for both the deposited and the pristine fiber, showing an enhancement of the nonlinearity in favor of the deposited one. The phenomenon can be explained by the exploitation of a higher 𝜒(3) seen by the pump wave due to the presence of the 2D layer deposited inside the cladding holes and opens the possibility of exploiting the higher intrinsic material 𝜒(2), in case of a periodic patterning/synthesis of the TMDC.
The accepted industrial skills shortage in the subjects of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in the United Kingdom has led to an increasing drive for universities to work with a wider pool of potential students. One contributor to this drive is the Lightwave Roadshow, a photonics-focused outreach program run by postgraduate students from the University of Southampton. The program has benefitted from the unique platform of the International Year of Light (IYL) 2015 for the development and support of hands-on and interactive outreach activities. In this report we review Lightwave activities facilitated by IYL that focused on widening participation for students aged 6 to 18 years from a multitude of societal categories; the roadshow has directly benefitted from the significance and investment into the IYL in conjunction with university recruitment strategies, local schools and the support of international organizations such as SPIE and OSA. Lightwave has used the foundation of the IYL to provide a wide range of activities for over 1,200 UK students in 53 different schools; the assessment tools used to measure learning outcomes, reach and impact are also discussed. The program’s activities have been developed to make younger age groups the center of the outreach activity and create an environment which encourages youth pursuit of optics and science from a grassroots level upwards; to illustrate this we will outline a Lightwave project endorsed by the IYL steering committee to permit two 6th form students to attend the IYL opening ceremony in Paris.
We demonstrate a 60μm core diameter single-trench Yb free Er-La-Al doped fiber having 0.038 ultra-low-NA, using conventional MCVD process in conjunction with solution doping process. Numerical simulations ensure an effective single mode, the effective area varies from 1,820μm2 to 1,960μm2 for different thicknesses of trenches and resonant rings. This fiber has been fabricated with conventional fabrication process, which can dramatically reduce the fabrication cost, hence suitable for mass production. Moreover, all solid structure ensures easy cleaving and splicing. Experimental measurements demonstrate a robust effective single mode operation. Furthermore, this fiber in 4%-4% laser cavity shows a record efficiency of 46% with respect to absorbed power.
In this work we report on the fluorescence lifetime characterization of the experimentally prepared Tm-doped silica
optical fibers with increased quantum conversion efficiency (QE). Optical fibers were drawn from preforms prepared by
conventional solution-doping of thulium and aluminium chlorides and by deposition of dispersed alumina nanoparticles
with thulium chloride. Prepared preforms and optical fibers were characterized by means of thulium and aluminium
concentrations, refractive index profiles, optical spectral attenuations (absorptions) and fluorescence lifetimes. Highly
aluminium-codoped optical fiber prepared from alumina nanoparticles exhibited fluorescence lifetime of about 690 μs,
which is about 40% higher compared to the conventionally prepared Tm-doped silica fiber.
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