Dr. Peter J. Clive Profile

Dr. Peter J. Clive

Technical Development Officer at SgurrEnergy Ltd

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2008 Paper

Compensating for volume and vector averaging biases in lidar wind speed measurements

Peter J. Clive

Proceedings Volume 7111, 71110O (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.800257

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Wind measurement, Remote sensing, Velocity measurements, Wind energy, Bessel functions, Data acquisition, Signal detection, Aerosols, Wind turbine technology

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A number of vector and volume averaging considerations arise in relation to remote sensing, and in particular, Lidar. 1) Remote sensing devices obtain vector averages. These values are often compared to the scalar averages associated with cup anemometry. The magnitude of a vector average is less than or equal to the scalar average obtained over the same period. The use of Lidars in wind power applications has entailed the estimation of scalar averages by vector averages and vice versa. The relationship between the two kinds of average must therefore be understood. It is found that the ratio of the averages depends upon wind direction variability according to a Bessel function of the standard deviation of the wind direction during the averaging interval. 2) The finite probe length of remote sensing devices also incurs a volume averaging bias when wind shear is non-linear. The sensitivity of the devices to signals from a range of heights produces volume averages which will be representative of wind speeds at heights within that range. One can distinguish between the effective or apparent height the measured wind speeds represent as a result of volume averaging bias, and the configuration height at which the device has been set to measure wind speeds. If the wind shear is described by a logarithmic wind profile the apparent height is found to depend mainly on simple geometrical arguments concerning configuration height and probe length and is largely independent of the degree of wind shear. 3) The restriction of the locus of points at which radial velocity measurements are made to the circumference of a horizontally oriented disc at a particular height is seen to introduce ambiguity into results when dealing with wind vector fields which are not irrotational.

Proceedings Article | 15 October 2008 Paper

Lidar and resource assessment for wind power applications: the state of the art

Peter J. Clive

Proceedings Volume 7111, 711107 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.800284

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Wind energy, Wind measurement, Clouds, Doppler effect, Light scattering, Remote sensing, Sensors, Data acquisition, Wind turbine technology

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Lidar has in recent years matured into a reliable and versatile technology for remotely measuring wind speeds at all heights across the rotor diameter. A laser beam is used to acquire the radial wind velocity in a number of directions at a given height from the Doppler shift of the backscattered light. From this the wind velocity at that height can be derived. Lidar allows wind flow model validation. Deployment of a Lidar to sites where different runs of modeling have produced divergent results can help select which input parameter set is most useful for characterizing wind flow, by taking measurements that allow differentiation between models. The cost of data acquisition for offshore wind resource assessment can be reduced by adopting Lidar methods. Less stringent specifications are imposed for platform installation, and approaches that dispense with the need for a platform are being developed. Operational turbine performance monitoring can be helpfully augmented by using Lidar to obtain data describing the wind flow impinging upon a turbine or in its wake. Lidar is also useful in obtaining details of wind shear, turbulence, vertical inflow and wind veer at proposed and operational turbine locations. Some of the uses Lidar has been applied to, some of its limitations, and the developing role Lidar will grow into in the future of wind resource assessment, are reviewed here.

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