The need to develop clinical tests and rapid sensors for SARS-CoV-2 became evident early in the pandemic to monitor active infections and evaluate seroprevalence. While nucleic acid and antigen tests serve to detect active infections, antibody tests are an essential tool later in the pandemic to monitor past infections and to provide an indication of the immune response of an individual to COVID-19 and to vaccination. To address the need for antibody tests, we have developed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors to detect antibodies expressed towards the nucleocapsid (N) protein and to the spike (S) protein and its receptor binding domain (RBD). We then applied the SPR sensors to determine the maturation of the affinity of the antibodies in the 24-week period post infection, and following vaccination. We developed an in vitro surrogate neutralization assay where the spike protein (the native and a few variants) was immobilized to the SPR sensors to evaluate if convalescent sera inhibited the interaction of spike with ACE-2. SERS assays were also developed to screen individuals that were infected from SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals and for the multiplexed detection of antibody isotype prevalence at different times post infection.
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