For the telescope number and size of the PFI proposal (20 x 8m), the Q-band (around 25 μm) was shown to be an optimal complement to submm- and optical interferometry, to detect substructures in proto-planetary disks. Here, broadband medium-resolution heterodyne would be an appropriate option, considering recent experimental findings on a quantum-limit heterodyne detection (HD) scheme. Under high thermal background and the very small beam filling factors in interferometry, HD was shown to be more sensitive than direct detection for the same bandwidth for wavelengths larger 3-8 micron, depending on the conditions. A new class of heterodyne mixers based on graphene could extend the instantaneous IF-bandwidth up to hundred GHz, for which photonic correlators may be developed since a resolution of R=30000 would be sufficient at 10μm. Such large IF-bandwidths could then even be multiplied in “dispersed heterodyne receivers” using optical frequency combs and photonic techniques derived from the DWDM technology.
A photoconductive antenna (PCA) is modeled using a higher order solution derived from the Boltzmann’s equation to accurately predict anomalous behaviors in this system. In the case concerning the application of high bias fields, photoexcited carriers gain sufficient energies, so that they become hot carriers. Moreover, screening fields in PCAs are numerically investigated in the first picoseconds subsequent to the excitation using hot-carriers effects. To explore another exotic phenomenon in a PCA, its driving photocurrent is decomposed into DC and THz components. Then, the saturation behavior of the THz component peak and the sublinear dependence of the DC component with respect to an externally applied bias are numerically investigated. Furthermore, depending on the accumulation of photoexcited carriers, velocity overshoot phenomenon may occur in the driving photocurrent against the applied bias. These phenomena cannot be predicted by the conventional drift-diffusion model. To simplify the analysis of PCAs, a time-dependent equivalent circuit model is proposed for describing the associated operational principles. Finally, using a coherent detection scheme and the circuit model, it will be shown that owing to the screening fields, the THz power saturates with respect to the applied laser power.
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