Dielectric nanophotonics became a hot topic during the last decade. Particularly, a lot of relevant studies were devoted to metasurfaces and their optical properties. Here we propose and numerically study the quadrumerbased silicon metasurface supporting magnetic octupole response. Specific meta-atoms allow to excite magnetic octupole moment in optical range without going beyond the diffraction limit. Comparing to a metasurface based on solid blocks of similar size, the quadrumer-based metasurface feature significant absorption enchantment and strong change of a reflection spectrum. Obtained results can be exploited in development of novel sensors, optical elements and energy harvesting devices.
Implementation of optical components in microprocessors can increase their performance by orders of magnitude. However, the size of optical elements is fundamentally limited by diffraction, while miniaturization is one of the essential concepts in the development of high-speed and energy-efficient electronic chips. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are widely considered to be promising candidates for the next generation of chip-scale technology thanks to the ability to break down the fundamental diffraction limit and manipulate optical signals at the truly nometer scale. In the past years, a variety of deep-subwavelength plasmonic structures have been proposed and investigated, including dielectric-loaded SPP waveguides, V-groove waveguides, hybrid plasmonic waveguides and metal nanowires. At the same time, for practical application, such waveguide structures must be integrated on a silicon chip and be fabricated using CMOS fabrication process. However, to date, acceptable characteristics have been demonstrated only with noble metals (gold and silver), which are not compatible with industry-standard manufacturing technologies. On the other hand, alternative materials introduce enormous propagation losses due absorption in the metal. This prevents plasmonic components from implementation in on-chip nanophotonic circuits.
In this work, we experimentally demonstrate for the first time that copper plasmonic waveguides fabricated in a CMOS compatible process can outperform gold waveguides showing the same level of mode confinement and lower propagation losses. At telecommunication wavelengths, the fabricated ultralow-loss deep-subwavelength hybrid plasmonic waveguides ensure a relatively long propagation length of more than 50 um along with strong mode confinement with the mode size down to lambda^2/70, which is confirmed by direct scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) measurements. These results create the backbone for design and development of high-density nanophotonic circuits and their integration with electronic logic on a silicon chip.
KEYWORDS: Near field optics, Resonators, Waveguides, Wave propagation, Near field, Metals, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Optical filters, Signal detection, Plasmons
Channel plasmon polaritons (CPPs) propagating along the bottom of subwavelength grooves cut into a metal surface
were recently shown to exhibit strong confinement combined with low propagation loss, a feature that makes this
guiding configuration very promising for the realisation of ultra-compact photonic components. Here, the results of our
investigations of CPP guiding by V-grooves cut into gold are presented, demonstrating efficient large-angle bending and
splitting of radiation as well as waveguide-ring resonators and Bragg grating filters.
KEYWORDS: Resonators, Waveguides, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Wave propagation, Metals, Plasmons, Radio propagation, Near field, Near field optics, Polaritons
Channel plasmon polaritons (CPPs) propagating along the bottom of subwavelength grooves cut into a metal surface
were recently shown to exhibit strong confinement combined with low propagation loss, a feature that makes this
guiding configuration very promising for the realisation of ultracompact photonic components. Here, the results of our
investigations of CPP guiding by V-grooves cut into gold are presented, demonstrating efficient waveguide-ring (WR)
resonator-based plasmonic components (including WR resonators and a WR resonator-based add-drop multiplexer). The
CPP waveguides represent 0.5-μm-wide and 1.3-μm-deep V-grooves in gold, which are combined with 5- and 10-μm-radius
ring resonators. The CPP-based components are characterized in the wavelength range of 1425-1620 nm by use of
near-field optical microscopy, exhibiting the wavelength selectivity of ~40 nm.
KEYWORDS: Gold, Nanoimprint lithography, Metals, Waveguides, Near field optics, Surface roughness, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Ultraviolet radiation, Silicon, Plasmonics
We present a nanoimprint lithography based method for the fabrication of plasmonic waveguides in the form of V-grooves
in a metal surface which support propagation of channel plasmon polaritons (CPPs). The developed method is
compatible with large scale production, easily adaptable to different device designs and offers wafer-scale parallel
fabrication of plasmonic components. The metal quality is improved in terms of surface roughness when compared to
previous demonstrations where grooves were made by direct milling of metal, and the design allows easy fiber access at
both ends of the waveguide. We demonstrate the design, fabrication and scanning near-field optical characterization of
channel plasmon polariton waveguides at telecom wavelengths. Optical characterization of the fabricated waveguides
shows low-loss (propagation length ~ 120 μm) CPP guiding.
KEYWORDS: Near field scanning optical microscopy, Near field optics, Signal detection, Reflection, Refractive index, Near field, Single mode fibers, Structured optical fibers, Optical fibers, Signal to noise ratio
Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) in reflection is employed for high-resolution mapping of surface
refractive-index distributions. Two different single-mode optical fibers with step-index profiles are characterized using a
reflection SNOM setup, in which cross-polarized detection is employed to increase the contrast in optical images and,
thereby, the method sensitivity. The SNOM images exhibit a clear ring-shaped structure associated with the fiber stepindex
profile, indicating that surface refractive-index variations being smaller than 10-2 can be detected. It is found that
the quantitative interpretation of SNOM images requires accurate characterization of a fiber tip used, because the
detected optical signal is a result of interference between the optical fields reflected by the sample surface and by the
fiber tip itself. The possibilities and limitations of this experimental technique are discussed.
KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Near field optics, Geometrical optics, Near field, Light scattering, Light wave propagation, Photonic crystals, Silicon, Radio propagation
A collection scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) is used to image the propagating of light at telecommunication wavelengths (1520-1570 nm) along photonic crystal (PC) slabs, which combine slab waveguides with in-plane PCs consisting of one- and two-dimensional gratings. The efficient out-of-plane light scattering is directly observed for both 1D and 2D gratings (period 590 nm) fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafers and the corresponding SNOM images are presented. Using the obtained SNOM images, we analyze light intensity distributions along PC gratings measured at different wavelengths and/or distances from the sample surface.
KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Light wave propagation, Wave propagation, Spatial frequencies, Silicon, Geometrical optics, Near field optics, Signal detection, Near field
A collection scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) is used to image the propagation of light at telecommunication wavelengths along straight and bent regions of silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal waveguides (PCWs) formed by removing a single row of holes in the triangular 410-nm-period lattice along GM direction of the irreducible Brillouin zone. High quality SNOM images of PCWs and access ridge waveguides excited in the wavelength range of 1520-1570 nm are obtained, demonstrating multimode behavior of ridge waveguides and good PCW (fundamental) mode confinement along with its low propagation loss. We analyze light intensity variations along the ridge and PCW waveguides measured with the SNOM at different distances from the sample surface. Considering the interference between a quasi-homogeneous background field and propagating mode fields and taking into account Bloch harmonics of the PCW modes, we account for spatial frequency spectra of the intensity variations and determine the dispersion of the PCW mode propagation constant. The possibilities and limitations of SNOM imaging for the characterization of PCWs as well as conventional waveguides are discussed.
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