In the period September 29 - October 2, 2020, was carried out a georadar survey of the Xiongnu archaeological sites of Murochi burial ground and the Khutor Settlement in the Kyakhtinsky district of the Republic of Buryatia. For sounding was used the georadar Oko-2 with antenna unit AB-400 (central frequency 400 MHz). It was obtained the data on the structure of cultural horizons at archaeological sites. In Murochi burial ground were identified a number of voids in the ground and signs of the presence of an entrance to the burial ground from the south side (dromos). The survey of the Khutor Settlement revealed a buried object with features of the Xiongnu sedentary sites. The layouts of georadar survey profiles and detected inhomogeneities in the structure of soil deposits of archaeological sites were created for use in archaeological research based on high-altitude images from a quadrocopter and satellite images with GNSS GPS coordinate referencing.
In March 2021, a ground-penetrating radar survey was conducted of the only official ice crossing over the Selenga River in the Mostovaya microdistrict of the Zheleznodorozhny district of Ulan-Ude city. GPR "Oko-2" with antenna blocks AB-1700 (center frequency 1700 MHz) and AB-400 (center frequency 400 MHz) was used for sounding. The thickness of the ice on the ice crossing is 0.5-1.2 m and exceeds the thickness of the ice outside the crossing by 0.1 – 0.2 m. The presence of snow cover outside the crossing limits the freezing of the ice layer. Calibration sounding of the ice with drilling of the well gave the ice permittivity ε = 3.17. The electrical resistivity of the water from the well is 74 Ohm·m at the temperature of 1°C.
Electrometric studies of the aquatic environment of Lake Baikal, the Selenga river, and other rivers, lakes, and wells located in different areas of the natural Baikal territory were performed. The electrical resistivity of salt lakes in the region and the seas were compared. Samples of drinking tap water from Irkutsk, Yakutsk, and Ulan-Ude and wells of the villages of Baikal region were measured. Significant variability of resistivity at various points of water sampling due to its different salinity were established.
The purpose of the research is to identify areas with high resistance of the earth's crust. Impedance measurements in the ELF and VLF ranges were carried out in sounding and profiling modifications within a large granitoid massif. For probing in the VLF range, the areas of the basement, folded with granites, studied by the aerial survey of the radioimpedance method (RIS) in the VLF range were selected. When interpreting, to improve the reliability and stability of the solution, data from the impedance VLF measurements at frequencies of 17-50 kHz were also used.
The results of the study of the Barguzinsky Bay geoelectric profile on Lake Baikal according to GPR and radioimpedance soundings are presented. The technique of the bottom electric mapping of the coastal zone of the Barguzinsky Bay water area on Lake Baikal by resistivity within the framework of a multilayer medium model with a poorly and well conducting base is proposed. A comprehensive interpretation of radioimpedance and GPR soundings made it possible to obtain detailed information on the geoelectric structure of the aquatic environment of the Barguzinsky Bay on Lake Baikal.
The results of ELF measurements in the east of Russia using the electromagnetic field of the "Zeus" installation at frequencies of 33, 44, 82 and 188 Hz are considered. A highly sensitive apparatus for amplitude-phase measurements of the surface impedance of the earth's crust is considered. The analysis of field variations in the far zone of the source is carried out. To explain the field variations, calculations of the propagation of ELF radio waves for the model of an inhomogeneous waveguide are performed. A comparison of the calculated and measured values of Нτ shows their good agreement.
Propagation conditions of radio waves over the “ice-sea” structure with a highly inductive impedance are often more favorable than over a clear sea due to the appearance of a surface electromagnetic wave. Numerical calculation algorithms for various radio wave propagation path models have been developed. The method of making prognostic maps of the surface impedance of the “ice-sea” structure according to the ice situation maps for the Arctic Ocean (AO) in different seasons of the year is considered. A formula is proposed for converting the spatial dependence of the ice thickness into the spatial dependence of the surface impedance at a fixed frequency in VLF-LF-MF ranges. Calculations of surface impedance for various types of sea ice are presented.
KEYWORDS: General packet radio service, Antennas, Soil science, Signal attenuation, Visualization, 3D visualizations, Radar, Materials science, Diagnostics, Crystals
Several examples show the possibilities of wave diagnostics of natural and artificial objects by the method of GPR sensing. The frost mounds on the permafrost soils of the Eravna depression of the Vitim plateau, the ancient settlement of the Hunnish period near Nizhny Margintuy village of the Bichur district of the Buryatia Republic, and underground object in the courtyard of the Buryatia Republic Government House were investigated. GPR sensing allows to diagnosing natural and artificial objects quickly and cost-effectively.
KEYWORDS: General packet radio service, Global Positioning System, Soil science, Radar, Satellite navigation systems, Meteorology, Data modeling, Signal attenuation, Atmospheric sciences, Materials science
In connection with the growing interest in the development of the coast and the shelf of the Arctic Ocean, it seems relevant to study the frozen section of the Arctic coast by radio wave methods. The results of studying the geoelectric section of frozen soils and rocks of the Arctic coast in the vicinity of Tiksi by means of radio impedance and GPR sounding are presented. An experience of studying the frozen soils and rocks of northern Yakutia by means of a complex of radio physical methods of introscopy (radio wave diagnostics) of the underlying layered inhomogeneous medium (VLF-LF radio-impedance sounding and GPR) was summarized. The area of researches refers to the zone of permafrost. Series of long-term observations of total zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) and its "wet" component (ZWD) for the permanent observation point TIXI are considered. A comparative analysis of direct measurements of the depth of thawing of cryolithozone soils, the results of ground-based radio wave soundings and GPS measurements has shown that it is possible in principle to determine the depth of thawing of cryolithozone soils using radio signals from the global navigation satellite system (GNSS).
The results of measurements of the horizontal electric field Eh components of the natural electromagnetic field of the Earth (Schumann resonances, SR) in the extreme low frequency (ELF) radio wave bands on Novaya Zemlya Island and settlement Tiksi are considered. In the electromagnetic clean arctic region on August 2016 (the Bay of Blagopoluchiya (75°41′59″ N; 63° 42′ 36″ E)) the global electromagnetic resonances (SR) of the Earth-ionosphere cavity up to the 7th and 8th resonant peaks in spectra are identified. Calculated and experimental values of the peak frequencies fn and Qnfactors of the cavity "Earth-ionosphere" are presented. On the spectra of records received on July, 2015 also in high latitudes near settlement Tiksi (71°35′3″ N; 128°46′4″ E) we work with the same measuring equipment and observed the 4th and 5th SR resonances. Diurnal variations of basic parameters of Schumann resonances are investigated.
The results of experimental studies carried out in the White, Barents and Kara Seas during the 66th voyage of the research ship "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" from July 11 to August 22, 2016 are considered, including the definitions of: 1) the VLF-LF-MF-HF fields of radio stations and natural radio interference at the air-sea interface; 2) the fields of the control-correcting station (CCS) of the GLONASS system; 3) spatio-temporal variations in the electrical conductivity of sea and fresh water; 4) radiometeorological characteristics of the above-water atmosphere. In the Ob Bay and the Yenisei Bay, the formation of a layered-gradient structure of "fresh water on salt water" was revealed, whose surface impedance in the VLF-LF-MF ranges belongs to the strongly inductive type. It is shown that above such structures a surface electromagnetic wave (SEW) appears.
The report is devoted to the foundation of the method of calculation of the service zone of the MF radio beacon for transmission of differential corrections of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) over high-latitude manysectional impedance paths in summer and winter time. Methods of calculation of the Earth’s wave field over inhomogeneous radio paths including over layered “ice-sea” structure are considered. On a base of the analysis of propagation conditions of radio waves, a new method of calculation of the service zone of the radio lines in the Arctic basin was submitted. Numerical algorithms for various models of the propagation of radio waves were developed and tested. The method consists in using the proposed set of algorithms, maps of geoelectric sections (GES) of underlying layered medium, digital relief maps, vegetation and ice cover for the calculations of Earth’s wave fields.
The paper is devoted to estimation of the LF-MF high latitude communication radio lines range on surface electromagnetic waves (SEW). A surface impedance of sea areas of water in summer and winter time is considered. An example of calculations of the ground wave field over inhomogeneous impedance paths including stratified inhomogeneous structure “ice-sea” is given. It is shown that due to the emergence of SEW the Arctic radio lines range increases significantly.
Results of geoelectric mapping of the some countries of Asia with high seismic activity are presented. The methodology
of the geoelectric mapping is considered. Maps of geoelectric sections of Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Korea, and
Japan on a scale of 1:5 000 000 are constructed. The scale of ρj and hj has three gradations per decade.
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