The paper presents the results of an analysis of variations in the effective reflection height h' on the X-ray energy in different spectral ranges during a series of X-ray flares that occurred from September 6 to 10, 1017. It is shown that the effective reflection height h' depends on the X-ray energy in the range up to 0.2 nm. During the period from September 6 to September 10, the parameters of the ionosphere changed significantly - the absorption of X-ray radiation at heights above the D-layer increased.
The research of the space-time dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere disturbances requires complex studies of interrelated processes. The radiophysical complex in the Geophysical Observatory «Mikhnevo», which includes magnetometric, electrophysical, radio-receiving and acoustic equipment and ionospheric sounding instruments, allows us to obtain data on the features of the structure and dynamics of ionospheric plasma in the mid-latitude zone of the European part of the country. Using the complex based on the data of ELF/VLF receivers and GNSS receivers, studies of synchronous variations of the lower and upper ionosphere caused by magnetic storms, solar X-ray flares and experiments on artificial modification of the ionosphere are carried out.
The paper presents the results of measurements of the electric field and vertical atmospheric currents in conditions of "fair weather" and their comparison with the Carnegie curve. The features of the measurement data associated with the detection of the evening maximum of the electric field strength are shown.
The paper presents the variations in the parameters of the ionosphere D-layer during x-ray flares of M and X classes on the propagation path of signals from the superluminal waves of the GQD and GBZ transmitters, as well as those adopted by the Mikhnevo State Educational Center. It is shown that, within the framework of the two-parameter Ferguson-White model, the effective reflection height of the VLF signal h’ and the gradient of increase in the electron concentration β at the leading edge of the flare are related to the x-ray energy in the range 0.05–0.4 nm.
In September 2017, several X-class solar X-ray flashes occurred. The paper presents the variations of the parameters of the D-layer of the ionosphere during X-ray X-ray flashes on the propagation path of signals from the VLF GQD and GBZ transmitters, and received in the geophysical observatory "Mikhnevo". The dependences of variations in the parameters of the ionosphere from the X-ray flux in different ranges are obtained. It is shown, that the dependences of the parameters of the ionosphere (effective reflection height and electron density increase rate with height) versus the Xray flux in the ranges of 0.05–0.4 nm and 0.1–0.8 nm are very different for different solar X-ray flashes. This may be due both to different initial states of the ionosphere and to the fact that the X-rays radiation with wavelength less than 0.05 nm can play a major role in the ionization of the atmosphere at altitudes of 50-60 km.
Properties of the Schumann resonances have been extensively studied in order to explain their relation with properties of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. This paper presents the results of an analysis of the frequency variations of the 1st mode of the Schumann resonator in two (North-South and East-West) magnetic field components in the geophysical observatory “Mikhnevo” during solar X-ray flares of M and X classes in 2011–2017. An analysis was made for the influence of the illumination of the signal propagation path and the total electronic content on it on the response magnitude of the variation of the first Schumann resonance frequency. It is shown that the frequency variation of the first mode of the Schumann resonance depends on the helio-geophysical conditions on the signal propagation path, i.e. arc of great circle. It is also shown that the diurnal variation of the sensitivity of the frequency variation of the 1st Schumann resonance to the X-ray flash power correlates well with the diurnal variation of the total electron content of the ionosphere on the signal propagation path. This fact may indicate that the electromagnetic wave at the frequencies of the first Schumann resonance penetrates into the upper ionosphere, namely into the f-layer. And, thus, the characteristics of the F-layer of the ionosphere can affect the parameters of the first Schumann resonance.
The paper presents the results of an analysis of the frequency variations of the first mode of the of Schumann resonator in the geophysical observatory Mikhnevo of the Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academy of Science (IDG RAS) during solar X-ray flares of the M and X classes in 2011 - 2017. It is shown that the frequency variation depends not only on the flash class, but also on the magnetic field component and local time. It is suggested that this is due to the geometry of the path from the African Thunderstorm Activity Center.
The effect of infrasonic pulsed radiation from the Chelyabinsk bolide on the perturbations of the electron concentration in the D region of the Earth's ionosphere is considered. According to the electromagnetic measurements in the geophysical observatory Mikhnevo of the Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academy of Science (IDG RAS), an estimate of the displacement of the reflection point of the SDV signals is obtained. Influence of infrasound radiation on the propagation of VLF signals on the Novosibirsk-Mikhnevo path is considered. The amplitude of the displacement of particles of the environment from infrasonic radiation is estimated. There is a good agreement between theoretical and experimental estimates.
We discuss the role and the usage of the ionosphere models in the improvement of UHF-SHF radar operation. The up-to-date empirical ionosphere models (International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), Fully Analytical Ionosphere Model (FAIM), Ne-Quick2) have too crude spatial and temporal resolution. The aforementioned models cannot describe the localized irregularities (like traveling ionospheric disturbances or waves) which, in turn, are regularly observed at the midlatitude high frequency chirp ionosonde. In the presence of such irregularities the additional range error in UHF range can exceed 1-2 km. The poorly known quasi-random nature of such irregularities leads us to the unique solution, namely, the rejecting of the laminar layered ionosphere in favor of the random electron density field. Such new probabilistic ionosphere model must be elaborated and verified on the experimental data.
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