Boron carbide coatings were prepared by reactive sputtering with nitrogen and investigated for their optical properties. Different ratios of N2/Ar (4%, 8%, and 15% nitrogen ratio) mixture gas was chosen as the sputtering gas. The atomic concentration distribution and elemental chemical states of coatings were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The B/C ratio was 3.7:1 and the nitrogen content was 18 at.% in the coating, which was sputtered with 4% N2 mixture gas. And the nitrogen content was increased as the ratio of N2 increases in mixture gas. In the nitridated B4C coatings, the boron mainly existed as the formation of BN and B4C compounds. The theoretical reflectivity was performed, and the increase of nitrogen content would reduce the reflectivity in the soft X-ray, especially in the vicinity of 410 eV.
Driven by the growing demand for large-size x-ray mirrors used in synchrotron radiation and free-electron laser facilities, a linear deposition system based on magnetron sputtering technique is built. The layer growth quality and thickness uniformity are optimized by adding masks in front of the cathode to reduce the oblique-incidence particles and tune the sputtering flux distribution. Based on this, a 0.5-m-length W/Si multilayer mirror is demonstrated. The multilayer has a d-spacing of 3 nm and a bilayer number of 60. The surface roughness of the multilayer is only 0.33 to 0.25 nm in the spatial frequency range of 3.0 × 10 − 3 to 1.0 μm − 1, and the average interface width is 0.32 nm. The hard x-ray reflectivity and uniformity of the large mirror were characterized at the Optics Beamline in Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. A maximum reflectivity of 62.5% and 62.7% was measured at 8 and 18 keV, respectively, with an angular resolution of Δθ / θ = 2.7 % . The d-spacing uniformity over the 0.5-m-length and 60-mm-width area of the mirror is 1.0% and 1.2% (peak-to-valley), respectively. These results indicate a good and uniform quality of the nanoscale multilayer over the large mirror area. The measured second- and third-order reflectivities of the multilayer are more than 2 orders magnitude lower than the first order, implying a good suppression of high harmonics in the monochromator application.
Coating techniques are investigated for accurate shape correction of Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) mirrors. Au and Pt have been used as coating materials to obtain elliptical KB mirrors from flat or cylindrical Si substrates. However, due to large differences in the thermal expansion coefficients between Au (or Pt) and Si, thermal stress can be induced not only when coating the substrate, but also during use when focusing synchrotron beams. Si is a promising alternative for profile coating because not only the same material as substrate can induce much smaller thermal stress, but also Si is generally smooth. The microstructure and roughness of 1000- and 2000-nm-thick Si coatings deposited at two different pressures (0.133 and 0.266 Pa) are explored. When the thickness increases from 50 to 2000 nm, the film microstructure and surface morphology change and root mean square roughness increases from 0.164 to 0.232 nm. The increase in Si coating thickness contributes the most to power spectral density curves when the frequency is between 1 and 20 μm − 1. No obvious changes resulting from intrinsic stress are observed among the samples when the Si coating thickness is increased from 50 to 2000 nm.
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