We report the performance of silicon-on-insulator medium-length extended microcavity (3 to 4.5 μm long) one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide. Quality-factor (Q-factor) values ranging from 2000 to 37,000 were observed. The waveguides/wire were fabricated using an inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching with SF6 and C4F8 gasses. Optical transmission of the design is heavily influenced by the surface roughness of the waveguide wall. We achieved a good free spectral range control for resonance frequency separations in between 39 and 65 nm. Supported and suspended microcavity structures for the case of a medium-length extended microcavity were compared. We observed an inferior performance in terms of the optical transmission and Q-factor in the latter. We have selected 4-μm microcavity length for comparison. The suspended structure was obtained by utilizing the wet etching technique on the same device. A high Q-factor value of ∼26,000 was observed in one of the resonances excited for cladding-layer supported extended microcavity. However, the Q-factor was reduced to ∼17,000 after removing the silica cladding beneath the silicon waveguide core.
Waveguide bends are essential structures for designing an integrated optical waveguide modulator (IOWM). However, reducing bending loss for strip and slot waveguide bends and obtaining a small increment of footprint size by bending the radius are challenging issues. We aim to evaluate whether using strip waveguides with an adiabatic bend reduces the bending loss and to obtain a specific length suitable for a V-shaped mode converter with a small increment of footprint size in the IOWM. Furthermore, a new 180-deg-bend structure for slot waveguides, to reduce bending loss, is investigated. The results of reducing bending radius (R) with a large coverage angle (αc) for strip waveguide bends revealed a low bending loss and simultaneously a reduction of the footprint size in the IOWM. For the 180-deg slot waveguide bend, both the bending and coupling losses were reduced by optimizing the taper and distance offset, which enhanced transmission power efficiency. We validated the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed bending strip and slot structures in IOWM, which is important for integrated optical applications.
Integrated electric-field (E-field) sensors are commonly used devices in E-field sensing. However, distortion in the modulated signal due to high half-voltage (Vπ) and obtaining a low-frequency response are challenging issues in low-frequency AC E-field sensors. The aim of this study is to investigate a modification by adding a Si layer beneath a segmented slot waveguide (SSW) and optimizing the hybrid SSW as the core of a sensor to determine the sensor features in terms of the frequency response and sensitivity. The results of reducing the Si-layer thickness and segment width with high periodicity revealed a high modulation efficiency for very low-frequency AC E-field sensors and simultaneously expanded the minimum limit of detection by incorporating sensors in very small AC E-fields. This study validated the feasibility and efficiency of using a hybrid SSW as the core of highly sensitive low-frequency AC E-field sensors.
The use of integrated waveguide modulators is a common technique in electric-field sensing. However, the distortion in the modulated signal caused by high half-voltage Vπ and the difficulty in obtaining low-frequency responses are challenging issues for the use of low-frequency alternating-current (AC) electric-field sensors. This study investigates the use of an optimized segmented slot waveguide as the core of a sensor to determine the sensor features that produce useful frequency responses and sensitivity. The segmented slot waveguide is optimized in terms of periodicity and segment width to produce low Vπ and electrical bandwidth before testing the sensor sensitivity. The results show that reducing the segment width achieves a low Vπ of 0.32 V and a very low electrical bandwidth of 4.3 kHz. Our study provides evidence of the feasibility of using a segmented slot waveguide as the primary element for highly sensitive, low-frequency AC electric-field sensors.
The absorption characteristics of complex medium structures having metasurfaces comprised of columnar nanorods of gold were investigated. In this stream, a periodically arranged assembly of vertical gold nanorods of circular and elliptical cross sections, backed by chromium nanorods of the same cross-sectional size and shape, was considered to be the metasurface, and the comparative features of the absorption characteristics were emphasized. The results exhibit very high absorption corresponding to certain wavelengths in the visible span, and the absorber having elliptical gold nanorods yields a better performance than the one with circular nanorods in terms of the magnitude/smoothness of the absorption peaks.
This paper has theoretically demonstrated the variation of geometrical parameters for L3 cavity photonic crystal. We have tuned a lattice constant of the photonic crystal to optimize the device. 2D photonic crystal structures with L3 configuration arranged in the triangular lattice is simulated using 2D FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) approach. We have tuned the stop band within 1451 nm to 1532 nm wavelength windows. This stop band was achieved with a hole diameter of 150 nm and lattice constant, a of 350 nm. We have also varied the lattice constant to 320 nm, 330 nm, 340 nm, 350 nm and 360 nm respectively by keeping the hole diameter to 150 nm. The Q factor does not show any significant changes with different lattice constant. The highest Q factor of approximately 7000 was obtained with the lattice constant of 350 nm and hole diameter of 150 nm at the resonance wavelength of 1472 nm. The resonance excited by the L3 photonic crystal cavity structure in Si/Ge layer grown on silicon-on-insulator were achieved at 1476 nm with a right combination of lattice constant and hole diameters. This resonance wavelength was obtained at lattice constant 360 nm and hole diameter 150 nm. The highest optical transmission spectra also achieved at this parameter was approximately 30%. The resonance wavelength between this two geometry parameter was almost the same. This result can be utilized in telecommunication wavelength for many applications in the photonic area.
Metamaterials have been of great interest owing to multifarious technological applications. Among various applications of scientific need, the perfect absorber kind of property of metamaterials remains prudent. Within the context, this investigation describes the filtering/absorber applications of metasurfaces comprised of columnar nanorods of gold having circular and elliptical cross-sections. The spectral features of such absorbers are investigated in terms of absorptivity in the visible to infrared (IR) regimes. The results indicate of almost perfect absorption corresponding to certain wavelengths in the IR span. Also, multiple absorption peaks would determine the filtering characteristics of the structures under consideration. It has been found that the absorber having circular nanorods exhibits better performance than the one with elliptical nanorods in terms of the magnitude/smoothness of absorption peaks in the entire electromagnetic spectral region of interest; the case of elliptical nanorods makes the absorption spectra to yield too much of flickers in the IR range of wavelength.
Whereas microelectronic lithography is heading to the 32 nm node and discussing immersion and double-patterning
strategies, there is much which can be done with the 45 nm node in microoptics for white light processing. For instance,
one of the most demanding applications in terms of achievable period is the LCD lossless polarizer, which can transmit
the TM polarization and reflect the TE polarization evenly all through the visible spectrum - provided that a 1D metal
grid of 100 nm period can be fabricated. The manufacture of such polarizing panels cannot resort to the step & repeat
cameras of microelectronics since the substrates are too large, too thin, too wavy and full of contaminants. There is
therefore a need for specific fabrication techniques. It is one of these techniques that a subgroup of partners belonging to
two of the Networks of Excellence of the European Community, NEMO and ePIXnet, have decided to explore together.
This paper describes the design, modeling, fabrication and characterization of single-row photonic crystal multiple micro-cavity structures embedded in 500 nm photonic wire waveguides. The strength of coupling between the resonators and the free spectral range (FSR) between the split resonance frequencies of the coupled-cavity combination were controlled via the use of different numbers of periodic hole structures - and through the use of different aperiodic hole taper arrangements between the two cavities in the middle mirror section of the mirrors. Both 2D and 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computations have been used to simulate the device structures. Comparisons have been made with the results of measurements and show good agreement.
This paper describes the realization of high quality factor (Q-factor) single row photonic crystal extended cavity
structures embedded in 500 nm wide photonic wire waveguides. Cavities spacer lengths of between 2 µm and 9 µm have
been inserted between two periodic mirrors with aperiodic tapering of the hole diameter and the spacing between holes.
A Q-factor value of approximately 74,000 has been measured for a 5 µm long cavity at a selected resonance frequency.
We have also demonstrated experimentally a tuning capability for the resonance frequency by means of small variations
of the cavity length. A shift of approximately 10 nm in resonance frequency has been obtained for a 250 nm variation of
the cavity length, both in simulation and in measured results. In addition, a free spectral range (FSR) in resonance
frequency of between 20 nm and 30 nm has also been demonstrated for a small variation in the mirror hole diameter of
approximately 20 nm. Tapering within and outside the cavity has produced a substantial increase in both the Q-factor
and the optical transmission at resonance. Both 2D and 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computations have
been used to simulate the device structures. Comparisons between the simulation and measured results show reasonably
good agreement.
This paper describes the realization of high quality-factor (Q-factor) and high transmission photonic crystal
micro-cavity and extended cavity structures embedded in photonic wire waveguides. Q-factor of as much as 16600 have
been achieved in micro-cavities with transmission of more than 80%. We have also fabricated an 8 μm long extended
cavity with a measured Q-factor of 5100 with normalised transmission of around 67%. Three-dimensional (3D) Finite
Difference Time Domain (FDTD) computation has been used to simulate the devices. Comparison of the simulation and
measured result shows reasonably good agreement.
Photonic devices that exploit photonic crystal (PhC) principles in a planar environment continue to provide a fertile field of research. 2D PhC based channel waveguides can provide both strong confinement and controlled dispersion behaviour. In conjunction with, for instance, various electro-optic, thermo-optic and other effects, a range of device functionality is accessible in very compact PhC channel-guide devices that offer the potential for high-density integration. Low enough propagation losses are now being obtained with photonic crystal channel-guide structures that their use in real applications has become plausible. Photonic wires (PhWs) can also provide strong confinement and low propagation losses. Bragg-gratings imposed on photonic wires can provide dispersion and frequency selection in device structures that are intrinsically simpler than 2D PhC channel guides--and can compete with them under realistic conditions.
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