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This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10157, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.
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Infrared Technology and Applications; and Robot Sensing and Advanced Control
Infrared Detector Dewar Cooler Assembly (IDDCA) is the key component of infrared system, and the reliability of IDDCA determines the reliability of the system and affects the application of the system to a great extent. Reliability research is of great significance for the engineering application of IDDCA. In this paper, research progress of reliability model, failure modes, acceleration factors, and reliability tests on the assemblies are introduced. Optimizing process and life cycle cost during the manufacturing, and evaluating reliability relying on database are described. In addition, the main thought of reliability research on the assemblies is briefly analyzed. This provides a reference for the domestic reliability research of the assemblies.
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There are shortcomings of low precision, touch shaking, and sharp decrease of touch precision when emitting and receiving tubes are failure in the infrared touch screen. A high precision positioning algorithm based on extended axis is proposed to solve these problems. First, the unimpeded state of the beam between emitting and receiving tubes is recorded as 0, while the impeded state is recorded as 1. Then, the method of oblique scan is used, in which the light of one emitting tube is used for five receiving tubes. The impeded information of all emitting and receiving tubes is collected as matrix. Finally, according to the method of arithmetic average, the position of the touch object is calculated. The extended axis positioning algorithm is characteristic of high precision in case of failure of individual infrared tube and affects slightly the precision. The experimental result shows that the 90% display area of the touch error is less than 0.25D, where D is the distance between adjacent emitting tubes. The conclusion is gained that the algorithm based on extended axis has advantages of high precision, little impact when individual infrared tube is failure, and using easily.
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Due to the complexity in combustion processes of IR decoys, it is difficult to describe its infrared radiation characteristics by deterministic model. In this work, the IR decoys simulation based on particle system was found. The measured date of the IR decoy is used to analyze the typical characteristic of the IR decoy. A semi-empirical model of the IR decoy motion law has been set up based on friction factors and a IR decoys simulation model has been build up based on particle system. The infrared imaging characteristic and time varying characteristic of the IR decoy were simulated by making use of the particle feature such as lifetime, speed and color. The dynamic IR decoys simulation is realized with the VC++6.0 and OpenGL.
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A Near-Infrared HyperSpectral Reflective Confocal Microscopy (NIHS-RCM) is proposed in order to get high resolution images of deep biological tissues such as skin. The microscopy system uses a super-continuum laser for illumination, an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) for rapid selection of near-infrared spectrum, a resonant galvanometer scanner for high speed imaging (15f/s) and near-infrared avalanche diode as detector. Porcine skin and other experiments show that the microscopy system could get deep tissue images (180 μm), and show the different ingredients of tissue with different wavelength of illumination. The system has the ability of selectively imaging of multiple ingredients at deep tissue which can be used in skin diseases diagnosis and other fields.
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To exploit the sparsity in transform domain (e.g. wavelets), the image deconvolution can be typically formulated as a ℓ1-penalized minimization problem, which, however, generally requires proper selection of regularization parameter for desired reconstruction quality. The key contribution of this paper is to develop a novel data-driven scheme to optimize regularization parameter, such that the resultant restored image achieves minimum prediction error (p-error). First, we develop Stein's unbiased risk estimate (SURE), an unbiased estimate of p-error, for image degradation model. Then, we propose a recursive evaluation of SURE for the basic iterative shrinkage/thresholding (IST), which enables us to find the optimal value of regularization parameter by exhaustive search. The numerical experiments show that the proposed SURE-based optimization leads to nearly optimal deconvolution performance in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).
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Near Infrared responsivity of silicon-based detectors is low for weak light absorption in the wavelengths exceeding 1000nm. For 1064nm wavelength applications, it is necessary to use thick Si wafers to manufacturing devices for higher NIR responsivity performance. However, this leads to high applied voltage, long response time, imposing limitations on device characteristics and applications. Black silicon (BS) appears very high absorptance of light from the near-ultraviolet (250nm) to the near-infrared (2500nm) wavelength region. And the black silicon detectors are many times more responsivity than conventional silicon detectors in the near infrared.
In this article, BS is prepared using non-mask reactive ion etching technique and PIN BS detectors are fabricated. It is indicated that there is a disordered layer that is 2.0μm -3.5μm thick and made up of pillars with 90nm-400nm in diameter and 200nm-600nm in spacing interval. The reflectance of BS is less than 7% in the wavelength from 400nm to 1100nm, and rises from 1040nm. The absorptance of BS sample prepared by non-mask reactive ion etching remains more than 93% from 400nm to 1040nm, and the absorptance of 60% is observed at the wavelengths longer than 1500nm. High temperature annealing does not deteriorate its light absorption performance. The front-illuminated and back-illuminated BS PIN detectors are structured. At the wavelength of 1064nm, the responsivities of front-illuminated and back-illuminated BS PIN detectors are improved from 0.30A/W to 0.43A/W and 0.58A/W respectively.
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In this paper, the hardware friendly adaptive support-weight approach is proposed to simplify the weight calculation process of the standard approach, which employs the support region to simplify the calculation of the similarity and uses the fixed distance dependent weight to present the proximity. In addition, the complete stereo matching algorithm and the hardware structure for FPGA implementation compatible with the approach is proposed. The experimental results show that the algorithm produces the disparity map accurately in different illumination conditions and different scenes, and its processing average bad pixel rate is only 6.65% for the standard test images of the Middlebury database, which is approximate to the performance of the standard adaptive support-weight approach. The proposed hardware structure provides a basis for design and implementation of real-time accurate stereo matching FPGA system.
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We report a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) photodiode detector with PtSi/Si-nanostructures. Black silicon nanostructures were fabricated by metal-assist chemical etching (MCE), a 2 nm Pt layer was subsequently deposited on black silicon surface by DC magnetron sputtering system, and PtSi/Si-nanostructures were formed in vacuum annealing at 450 oC for 5 min. As the PtSi/Si-nanostructures presented a spiky shape, the absorption of incident light was remarkably enhanced for the repeat reflection and absorption. The breakdown voltage, dark current, threshold voltage and responsivity of the device were investigated to evaluate the performance of the PtSi/Si-nanostructures detector. The threshold voltage and dark currents of the PtSi/Si-nanostructure photodiode tends to be slightly higher than those of the standard diodes. The breakdown voltage remarkably was reduced because of existing avalanche breakdown in PtSi/Si-nanostructures. However, the photodiodes had high response at room temperature in near infrared region. At -5 V reverse bias voltage, the responsivity was 0.72 A/W in 1064 nm wavelength, and the EQE was 83.9%. By increasing the reverse bias voltage, the responsivity increased. At -60 V reverse bias voltage, the responsivity was 3.5 A/W, and the EQE was 407.5%, which means the quantum efficiency of PtSi/Si-nanostructure photodiodes was about 10 times higher than that of a standard diode. Future research includes how to apply this technology to enhance the NIR sensitivity of image sensors, such as Charge Coupled Devices (CCD).
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Pulse tube refrigerators have demonstrated many advantages with respect to temperature stability, vibration, reliability and lifetime among cryo-coolers for detectors. Double-inlet type pulse tube refrigerators are popular in GM type pulse tube refrigerators. The single double-inlet valve may introduce DC flow in refrigerator, which deteriorates the performance of pulse tube refrigerator. One new type of DC control mode is introduced in this paper. Two parallel-placed needle valves with opposite direction named double-valve configuration, instead of single double-inlet valve, are used in our experiment to reduce the DC flow. With two double-inlet operating, the lowest cold end temperature of 18.1K and a coolant of 1.2W@20K have been obtained. It has proved that this method is useful for controlling DC flow of the pulse tube refrigerators, which is very important to understand the characters of pulse tube refrigerators for detectors.
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Background subtraction (BGS) is a fundamental preprocessing step in most video-based applications. Most BGS methods fail to handle dynamic unconstrained scenarios accurately. This is because of overreliance on statistical model. In this paper, we develop a novel non-parametric sample-based background subtraction method. First, the background sample set is initialized by a clean sample frame rather than the first frame. This can avoid introducing a ghost when the first frame contains foreground objects. Here, we utilize the Gaussian mixture model to validate whether a pixel at the location is clean or not and construct the initialization of background model. Second, for an actual scenario with diversified environmental conditions (e.g., illumination changes, dynamic background), we employ normalized color space and a scale invariant local ternary pattern operator to handle these variations. In the meantime, in order to achieve high detection accuracy in the unconstrained scenarios without requiring any scenario-specific parameter tuning, we employ the perception-inspired confidence interval to modify the threshold in the color space. Third, the hole filling approach is used to reduce noise which comes from false segmentation, fill the blank area in the foreground region and maintain the integrity of foreground object. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed approach is superior to several state-of-the-art methods in terms of F-score and kappa index.
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Exhaust plume flow field have the characteristics of high temperature, high speed and multi-species flow. Exhaust plume infrared signal are important basis of diagnosing, detecting and identifying plume spectrum. This paper focuses on the infrared radiation characteristics of high-altitude plume. The plume flows exhausted from a micro-nozzle of a low-thrust engine at high-altitude have been simulated numerically through using a DSMC method. Both the properties of plume flow at high altitude and the non-equilibrium effect related to rarefied gases are analyzed. Results are given numerically in good agreement with high-altitude plume observations. With the fields of pressure, temperature and main components of the exhaust plume as input data, the line-by line method was used to calculate the 2~5μm infrared spectral radiation properties of the plume. Different flight conditions are considered to analyze the influence on the infrared radiation characteristics. Some interesting conclusion are finally achieved.
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Traditional infrared pseudo color codings based on RGB color model are obtained from gray space; therefore, the color of this kind of pseudo color infrared image has a maximum of 256 types, which cannot fully represents the temperature information of the infrared image, also hard to conform to human visual characteristic. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a temperature data pseudo color coding method, which is based on perceptual color space and color difference theory and breaks the limitation of the number of gray scales. Experimental results show that the proposed color coding method has a uniform color transition, and the color of the pseudo color image is much richer.
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Simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) super-pixel algorithm for its excellent performance and efficient border holding computational efficiency is widely used in image processing. But with the increase of the number of super-pixels, there will be a lot of redundancy in the image merging process. In this paper, we propose a multi-level super-pixels method based SLIC algorithm, which focuses on the target area to set up edge detection operator for generating multi-level super-pixels. Simulation results show that the proposed method ensures the accuracy of extraction and improves the computational efficiency.
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In order to help medical personnel to make accurate clinical judgment, we built a DSP real-time image enhancement system to enhance and sharpening the hand vein distribution image. First, we use 760 nm and 960 nm mixed near-infrared light as the light source to decrease the skin scattering and absorption of the incident light, and gain a distinct original image. Then, we analyzed the vascular model in the multi-scale method, and using the vascular response function to take the place of gradient in diffusion equation, constructed the Forward And Backward Diffusion (FABD) coefficients. Then, we realized it in the DM642 DSP hardware platform; finally, the proposed enhancement algorithms implemented on the hardware platform, and compared with anisotropic diffusion algorithm and forward and backward diffusion algorithm. The results showed that, the proposed system to enhance the images standard deviation than the original increased by 11.4971, and increased by 2.2530 and 1.1500 than the anisotropic diffusion algorithm and forward and backward diffusion algorithm respectively. The proposed system’s processing time was 28.0ms, and met real time requirements. The system was stable, reliable and met the medical needs.
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The terahertz metamaterial with metallic symmetric square slit ring array is proposed to sensing human cells. The sensitivity of the structure is discussed with the finite element method simulations and the optimized structure parameters are obtained. The cell location analysis is carried out and the calculated result shows that the gaps are the most sensitive places in the structure. With the lithography of hard wafer support, the metamaterial terahertz sensor is fabricated on the thin and flexible polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) substrate which is low loss in terahertz waveband. In the sensing experiment, the human renal epithelial cell transfected with adenovirus EIA gene-293t cells are in situ grown on the surface of the fabricated terahertz metamaterial sensor. With the terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), the resonant frequency of the metamaterial shift 18GHz after the 293t cells are grown onto it.
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A classification method of support vector machines with linear kernel was employed to authenticate genuine olive oil based on near-infrared spectroscopy. There were three types of adulteration of olive oil experimented in the study. The adulterated oil was respectively soybean oil, rapeseed oil and the mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil. The average recognition rate of second experiment was more than 90% and that of the third experiment was reach to 100%. The results showed the method had good performance in classifying genuine olive oil and the adulteration with small variation range of adulterated concentration and it was a promising and rapid technique for the detection of oil adulteration and fraud in the food industry.
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The influences of complex refractive index and particle diameter distribution on the spectral transmittance are studied by MIE scatter theory, the spectrum correlation problem of spectral transmittance in different cases is analyzed, the feasibility that using a single point of spectral transmittance to estimate other points is discussed. The results demonstrate that, Refractive index has a great influence on the spectral selectivity, Absorption index however has little effect on it; the particle diameter distributions have a great influence on spectral transmittance, if only contains a kind of particle, with little difference of particle diameter distribution, can be through a single point of spectral transmittance extrapolation other spectral transmittance, but if the difference is significant, is not feasible
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Aerodynamic heating is one of important factors affecting hypersonic aircraft design. The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC) has evolved years into a powerful numerical technique for the computation of complex, non-equilibrium gas flows. In atmospheric target, non-equilibrium conditions occur at high altitude and in regions of flow fields with small length scales. In this paper, the theoretical basis of the DSMC technique is discussed. In addition, the methods used in DSMC are described for simulation of high temperature, real gas effects and gas-surface interactions. Combined with the solution of heat transfer in material, heat-flux distribution and temperature distribution of the different shape structures was calculated in rarefied conditions.
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In this paper, we study infrared image mosaic around a single point of rotation, aiming at expanding the narrow view range of infrared images. We propose an infrared image mosaic method using point feature operators including image registration and image synthesis. Traditional mosaic algorithms usually use global image registration methods to extract the feature points in the global image, which cost too much time as well as considerable matching errors. To address this issue, we first roughly calculate the image shift amount using phase correlation and determine the overlap region between images, and then extract image features in overlap region, which shortens the registration time and increases the quality of feature points. We improve the traditional algorithm through increasing constraints of point matching based on prior knowledge of image shift amount based on which the weighted map is computed using fade in-out method. The experimental results verify that the proposed method has better real time performance and robustness.
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The defective elements from indium bump preparation in FPA fabrication are tested by optical microscopy and FPA testing bench. Results show that the defective elements from indium bump fabrication include connecting defective elements and missing defective elements. It is easy to identify missing defective elements by FPA testing bench because the response voltage of defective elements is zero and response voltage of other elements around defective element is higher than that of normal elements. And it is difficult to identify connecting defective elements by FPA testing bench because the response voltage of connecting defective elements is basically the same as that of normal elements. The defective elements from indium bump fabrication are due to the indium bump with connecting or missing caused by the process of photolithography, eroding and lift-off. Fabrication process such as photolithography, eroding and lift-off is optimized to reduce defective elements from indium bump fabrication.
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IR guidance has been widely used in near range dogfight air-to-air missiles while radar guidance is dominant in medium and long range air-to-air missiles. With the development of stealth airplanes and advanced electronic countermeasures, radar missiles have met with great challenges. In this article, the advantages and potential problems of applying IR guidance in medium range air-to-air missiles are analyzed. Approaches are put forward to solve the key technologies including depressing aerodynamic heating, increasing missiles’ sensitivity and acquiring target after launch. IR medium range air-to-air missiles are predicted to play important role in modern battle field.
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In this paper, a kind of image segmentation approach which based on improved Chan-Vese (CV) model and wavelet transform was proposed. Firstly, one-level wavelet decomposition was adopted to get the low frequency approximation image. And then, the improved CV model, which contains the global term, local term and the regularization term, was utilized to segment the low frequency approximation image, so as to obtain the coarse image segmentation result. Finally, the coarse segmentation result was interpolated into the fine scale as an initial contour, and the improved CV model was utilized again to get the fine scale segmentation result. Experimental results show that our method can segment low contrast images and/or inhomogeneous intensity images more effectively than traditional level set methods.
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Inspired by a recent algorithm on clustering, we proposed an improved algorithm which combines the Davies Bouldin criterion to obtain the right number of the cluster centers automatically and output the right clusters. Davies-Bouldin criterion can describe the intra-class scatter and inter-class deviation value of the clustering result. In our algorithm, we first calculate the density and the distance of the sample points, which contain the information of the density distribution leading to the right clusters; Then, we choose two thresholds of the density and the distance to obtain the maximum number of the cluster centers; Finally, our algorithm automatically searches the right number of cluster centers through calculating the Davies-Bouldin value of every clustering result and choose the one which has the minimum Davies-Bouldin value. Experiments show that our algorithm can not only output the right clustering result when the sample points are disturbed and with special density distribution, but can also obtain the right number of the cluster centers automatically.
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We propose an integral infrared scene simulation system. The proposed system, which is based on the parameters of the thermal physical property and optical property, computes the radiation distribution of the scenery on the focus plane of the camera according to the scene of the geometrical parameter, the position and intensity of the light source, the location and direction of the camera and so on. Then the radiation distribution is mapped to the space of gray, and we finally obtain the virtual image of the scene. The proposed system includes eight modules namely basic data maintaining, model importing, scene saving, geometry parameters setting and infrared property parameters of the scene, data pre-processing, infrared scene simulation, and scene loading. The proposed system organizes all the data by the mode of database lookup table that stores all relative parameters and computation results of different states to avoid repetitive computation. Experimental results show that the proposed system produces three dimension infrared images in real time to some extent, and can reach 60 frames/second in simple scene drawing and 20 frames/second in complex scene drawing. Experimental results also show that the simulated images can represent infrared features of the scenery to a certain degree.
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Polarimetric imaging in infrared wavelengths have attracted more and more attention for broad applications in meteorological observations, medicine, remote sensing and many other fields. Metal metamaterial structures are used in nanophotonics in order to localize and enhance the incident electromagnetic field. Here we develop an elliptical gold Two-Dimensional Holes Array (2DHA) in which photons can be manipulated by surface plasmon resonance, and the ellipse introduce the asymmetry to realize a polarization selective function. Strong polarization dependence is observed in the simulated transmission spectra. To further understand the coupling mechanism between gold holes array and InP, the different parameters of the 2DHA are analyzed. It is shown that the polarization axis is perpendicular to the major axis of the ellipse, and the degree of polarization is determined by the aspect ratio of the ellipse. Furthermore, the resonance frequency of the 2DHA shows a linear dependence on the array period, the bandwidth of transmission spectra closely related to duty cycle of the ellipse in each period. This result will establish a basis for the development of innovative polarization selective infrared sensor.
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The millimeter-wave cloud radar can provide a large number of fine and reliable information for the inversion of cloud macro and micro parameters. A key link of using the millimeter-wave cloud radar to detect the cloud is that the radar must be calibrated. Due to the precision components and severe environment of millimeter-wave cloud radar, subtle changes may take place in the operation process of cloud radar, unless the cloud radar is calibrated regularly. Although the calibration system inside the cloud radar can track and monitor the main working parameters and correct the detection results, it fails to consider the characteristics of the antenna and the mutual influence among different components of cloud radar. Therefore, the external calibration for cloud radar system is very important. Combined with the actual situation of cloud radar under domestic onboard platform, this paper builds a complete external calibration technique process of cloud radar based on the calm sea, providing the theoretical support for the external calibration experiments of the airborne and even satellite-borne millimeter-wave cloud radar developed by our country.
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The photoelectric servo control system based on PC controllers is mainly used to control the speed and position of the load. This paper analyzed the mathematical modeling and the system identification of the servo system. In the aspect of the control algorithm, the IP regulator, the fuzzy PID, the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) and the adaptive algorithms were compared and analyzed. The PI-P control algorithm was proposed in this paper, which not only has the advantages of the PI regulator that can be quickly saturated, but also overcomes the shortcomings of the IP regulator. The control system has a good starting performance and the anti-load ability in a wide range. Experimental results show that the system has good performance under the guarantee of the PI-P control algorithm.
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High precision time control in the use of weapons and equipment is an important part of product design and development. In order to satisfy the data acquisition requirement of high accuracy and reliability in the rapid flight process, the super-resolution time measurement method based on target dynamic characteristics was put forward and proved by the cabin opening time measurement experiment. First, the changes of explosion pressure wave and image in the cabin opening process were analyzed in detail. The change regulation of explosion flame shape was analyzed by the characteristics of typical pressure wave, and then the high frequency images of the explosion process were shot by high speed camera. The change regulation of the infrared image was obtained through the comparison of visible and infrared image mechanism. Then, combined with the target motion features, and the observed station parameters, the observation model of movement process was built. On the basis of the above research, the infrared characteristic and the movement characteristic were transformed, and the super resolution model was established. For test method, combined with the actual class time measuring process in experimental design, to obtain the special radar for measuring high precision open class time as the true value of the precision appraisal. Experimental results show that the infrared feature and motion feature can realize open class time super resolution measurement, can effectively improve the accuracy and reliability of the data, to achieve specific action of high accuracy measurement that plays an important role by making use of the target dynamic characteristics.
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In real traffic scenes, the quality of captured images are generally low due to some factors such as lighting conditions, and occlusion on. All of these factors are challengeable for automated recognition algorithms of traffic signs. Deep learning has provided a new way to solve this kind of problems recently. The deep network can automatically learn features from a large number of data samples and obtain an excellent recognition performance. We therefore approach this task of recognition of traffic signs as a general vision problem, with few assumptions related to road signs. We propose a model of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and apply the model to the task of traffic signs recognition. The proposed model adopts deep CNN as the supervised learning model, directly takes the collected traffic signs image as the input, alternates the convolutional layer and subsampling layer, and automatically extracts the features for the recognition of the traffic signs images. The proposed model includes an input layer, three convolutional layers, three subsampling layers, a fully-connected layer, and an output layer. To validate the proposed model, the experiments are implemented using the public dataset of China competition of fuzzy image processing. Experimental results show that the proposed model produces a recognition accuracy of 99.01 % on the training dataset, and yield a record of 92% on the preliminary contest within the fourth best.
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Aiming at rapid automatic pest detection based efficient and targeting pesticide application and shooting the trouble of reflectance spectral signal covered and attenuated by the solid plant, the possibility of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) detection on cotton bollworm odor is studied. Three cotton bollworm odor samples and 3 blank air gas samples were prepared. Different concentrations of cotton bollworm odor were prepared by mixing the above gas samples, resulting a calibration group of 62 samples and a validation group of 31 samples. Spectral collection system includes light source, optical fiber, sample chamber, spectrometer. Spectra were pretreated by baseline correction, modeled with partial least squares (PLS), and optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS). Minor counts differences are found among spectra of different cotton bollworm odor concentrations. PLS model of all the variables was built presenting RMSEV of 14 and RV2 of 0.89, its theory basis is insect volatilizes specific odor, including pheromone and allelochemics, which are used for intra-specific and inter-specific communication and could be detected by NIR spectroscopy. 28 sensitive variables are selected by GA, presenting the model performance of RMSEV of 14 and RV2 of 0.90. Comparably, 8 sensitive variables are selected by CARS, presenting the model performance of RMSEV of 13 and RV2 of 0.92. CARS model employs only 1.5% variables presenting smaller error than that of all variable. Odor gas based NIR technique shows the potential for cotton bollworm detection.
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Image quality is an important factor that influences the dynamic target information perception; it is the key factor of real-time target state analysis and judgment. In order to solve the multi-observation station comparison and video optimum seeking problem in the process of target information perception and recognition, an image quality assessment method based on visual characteristics is proposed for infrared target tracking. First, it analyses the basic infrared target image characteristics and application requirements, analyses the status and problems of the multi station optimum seeking technology. According to the expected research results, the processing flow of image processing is established. Then, the image quality objective assessment index is established, which reflects the basic characteristics of the target image, and the assessment index is integrated into the normalized assessment function. According to the quality assessment function, the infrared image quality assessment based on infrared target recognition and image analysis processing is realized, which is mainly characterized by the region of interest and dynamic visual characteristics. And on the basis of this technology, the real-time optimum seeking of multi station infrared target tracking image is completed. In order to verify the effectiveness of the method and the practical application effect, it designs the quality assessment and comparison of different station infrared images. Example shows that the method proposed in this paper can realize multi-observation station infrared image assessment comparison, image quality sorting, the optimum seeking of the infrared image based on the quality assessment. The results accord with the characteristics of infrared target image and dynamic visual characteristics.
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Ghost diffraction and ghost imaging in two-color ghost imaging are investigated with pseudo-thermal light. Based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel integral, the ghost diffraction (GD) and ghost imaging (GI) condition in two-color ghost imaging has been demonstrated. It is shown that GD and GI fringes in two-color ghost imaging can be obtained by conforming the GI condition and GD condition, respectively. The exchange of ghost diffraction and ghost imaging can be obtained by only changing one of the wavelength of two-color source when compared with the signal-color ghost imaging, and the condition of GD and GI in signal-color ghost imaging are a special case of two-color ghost imaging. The simulation results agree well with the theoretical analysis.
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HgCdTe focal plane array detector is a key component in infrared space camera. The scale of detector is enlarging continuously due to the unending requirements of better performance. HgCdTe plane array detector needs to work at deep cooling environment and it is encapsulated in dewar package. Support structure is used to support HgCdTe plane array detector in dewar. About 200K difference in temperature exits between the detector and the wall of dewar. In addition to certain support performance, the support structure should possess high adiabatic performance. Contradiction between support performance and adiabatic performance exists in the support structure of HgCdTe plane array detector, and it is intensified due to the scale enlarging of the detector. Then support technique of HgCdTe focal plane arrays based on fiberglass bundle is proposed. Adopting fiberglass bundle, the support performance of support structure is enhanced, but the adiabatic performance of support structure is not reduced obviously. The contradiction between support performance and adiabatic performance according to the support structure is resolved completely. At the end, assembly process of fiberglass bundle in support structure is introduced.
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Hydrogen cyanide gas leakage may exist in the petrochemical industry, smelting plant, and other industrial processes, causing serious harm to the environment, and even threatening the safety of personnel. So the continuous detection of HCN gas plays an important role in the prevention of risk in production process and storage environment that existing hydrogen cyanide gas. The Tunable Diode Laser Technology (TDLAS) has advantages of non-contact, high sensitivity, high selectivity, and fast response time, etc., which is one of the ideal method of gas detection technologies and can be used to measure the hydrogen cyanide concentration. This paper studies the HCN detection system based on TDLAS technology, selects the absorption lines of hydrogen cyanide in 6539.12cm-1, and utilizes the center wavelength of 1.529μm distributed feedback (DFB) laser as a light source. It is discussed in detail on technical requirements of a high frequency modulated laser signal detection circuit, including noise level, gain, and bandwidth. Based on the above theory, the high frequency modulation preamplifier circuit and main amplifier circuit are designed for InGaAs photoelectric detector. The designed circuits are calculation analyzed with corresponding formula and simulation analyzed based on the Multisim software.
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Plasma enhanced ignition is an important way in the field of ignition auxiliary. It has got wide attention throughout the researchers both at home and abroad. The plasma is usually added in the form of discharge. It makes a big difference in the discharge form according to different discharge unit, different kinds of electric field and different kinds of discharge medium. Variety of methods could be used to characterize the parameters of the plasma. The electron transport parameter is an important variable during the process of the plasma discharge. The mathematical model was set up to calculate the electron transport parameters in different reduced electric intensity. The electrons meet the Boltzmann equations in plasma system. Reasonable methods were used to simplify the Boltzmann equations. The electron transport parameters of methane-air mixed gas at the same equivalent ratio and pressure in different reduced electric field were calculated. The calculation results show that the EEDF turns to the right with the increasing of reduced electric field. The average electron energy and average electron energy of the mixed gas increases linearly with the increasing of reduced electric field. The increasing of reduced electric field enhances the electronic/energy diffusion effect and the enhancing effect is more apparent when the reduced electric field is high. The increasing of reduced electric field restrains the electron diffusion and energy transference restrains from the trend of the change. The inhibition effect is weakening with the increasing of the reduced electric field.
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Infrared dim and small target detection plays an important role in infrared search and tracking systems. In this paper, a novel infrared dim and small target detection method based on Boolean map saliency and motion feature is proposed. Infrared targets are the most salient parts in images, with high gray level and continuous moving trajectory. Utilizing this property, we build a feature space containing gray level feature and motion feature. The gray level feature is the intensity of input images, while the motion feature is obtained by motion charge in consecutive frames. In the second step, the Boolean map saliency approach is implemented on the gray level feature and motion feature to obtain the gray saliency map and motion saliency map. In the third step, two saliency maps are combined together to get the final result. Numerical experiments have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method. The final detection result can not only get an accurate detection result, but also with fewer false alarms, which is suitable for practical use.
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The water vapor noise will affect the accuracy of the extracted optical parameters based on terahertz time domain spectroscopy technology. Because vapor noise has the characteristics of wide distribution and high intensity, the existing denoising methods cannot be effectively applied to the THz signal with vapor noise. In this paper, a numerical denoising method is presented. First, based on Van Vleck-Weisskopf lineshape function and the linear absorption spectrum of water molecules in the HITRAN database, we have simulated the water vapor absorption spectrum with line width, and the continuum effect of water vapor molecules are considered in the simulation. Then, the transfer function of different humidity is constructed by the calculation of the water vapor absorption coefficient and the real refractive index; Finally, based on the propagation factor formula of the mutual effects of THz wave and water vapor, the THz signal of the Lacidipine sample containing vapor noise in the continuous frequency domain of 0.3-1.8THz is denoised by using the constructed transfer function of the water vapor; the optical parameters of the sample signal before and after denoising can be extracted. It can be seen that the optical parameters extracted from the denoised signal are close to the optical parameters in the nitrogen environment, which proves the effectiveness of denoising. Under low humidity, this method can still accurately extract the optical parameters of samples without nitrogen filling, which saves the cost, enhances the convenience of the application of terahertz time domain spectroscopy in pharmaceutical production, safety inspection, imaging etc.
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In order to resolve issue of azimuth framework stability of optics-electricity system for unmanned aerial vehicle depressing, reason of azimuth platform stability depressing and noise caused by secant compensation was analyzed, which work in big pitching angle with tradition mode of measuring speed. Stabilization controlling method with big pitching angle is designed in which azimuth platform install azimuth and roll gyro which was apeaked mutual, and azimuth angle velocity of line of sight was calculated. In the end, simulate experiment validate that, azimuth platform stability controlling performance of two axes platform with big pitching angle was advanced, and influence of gyro noise on controlling performance was depressed.
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Infrared focal plane array detector has advantages of strong anti-interference ability and high sensitivity. Its size, weight and power dissipation has been noticeably decreased compared to the conventional infrared imaging system. With the development of the detector manufacture technology and the cost reduction, IRFPA detector has been widely used in the military and commercial fields. Due to the restricting of array chip manufacturing process and material defects, the fault phenomenon such as cracking, bad pixel and abnormal output was showed during the test, which restricts the performance of the infrared detector imaging system, and these effects are gradually intensified with the expanding of the focal plane array size and the shrinking of the pixel size.
Based on the analysis of the test results for the infrared detector array chip components, the fault phenomenon was classified. The main cause of the chip component failure is chip cracking, bad pixel and abnormal output. The reason of the failure has been analyzed deeply. According to analyze the mechanism of the failure, a series of measures which contain filtrating materials and optimizing the manufacturing process of array chip components were used to improve the performance of the chip components and the test pass rate, which is used to meet the needs of the detector performance.
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A method of passivation of etch-thinned bulk InSb by anodic oxide grown by wet anodization and vacuum deposition of SiNx layers have been investigated Thinned bulk n-type InSb with (111) orientation forms distinctively two types of interfaces on the indium and antimony faces, respectively. The junctions are diffused on the indium face. The paper presents the process and characterization for surface passivation of the backside illuminated Sb face that absorbs the photons. The surface passivation and the interfaces are characterized with Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) devices. The effect of anodic oxide/SiNx passivation was compared to SiNx passivation. The electrical features observed in the C-V curves of MIS structures indicate that anodic oxide grown by wet anodization has the better effect on reducing the surface states and surface recombination velocity. The low-frequency-like response in the inversion region of the C-V curves was explained in view of the oxidation states of In and Sb. Finally, by growing the 30nm anodic oxide and depositing 400nm SiNx on diode structure of InSb, the performance of FPA in this case was compared with the SiNx only method. The results showed the performance of device is better than for the SiNx only method.
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Low light level (LLL) imaging mainly relies on to detect weak night sky of targets reflecting, and environmental illumination is one of the important factors affecting the LLL image features. Germany's third-generation image intensifiers, Toshiba Terry company CS8620Ci types of CCD device as the main core to build LLL image acquisition experimental system, and LLL images are collected in a dark room with different illumination. This paper analyzes relationship between the statistical properties of the LLL image non-target area and environmental illumination, studies the laws between the mean, variance, autocorrelation, variance of sum and environmental illumination. And these laws based on experimental data were fitted to obtained specific mathematical expressions.
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Star centroiding accuracy decreases significantly when star sensor works under highly dynamic conditions or star images are corrupted by severe noise, reducing the output attitude precision. Herein, an adaptive iteration method is proposed to solve this problem. Firstly, initial star centroids are predicted by traditional method, and then based on initial reported star centroids and angular velocities of the star sensor, adaptive centroiding windows are generated to cover the star area and then an iterative method optimizing the location of centroiding window is used to obtain the final star spot extraction results. Simulation results shows that, compared with traditional star image restoration method and Iteratively Weighted Center of Gravity method, AWI algorithm maintains higher extraction accuracy when rotation velocities or noise level increases.
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In the structural local sparse model, every candidate derived from the particle filter framework is divided into several overlapping image patches. However, in the tracking process, the structural characteristics of the target may change due to alterations in appearance, resulting in unstable pooled features and therefore drifting and false tracking. We propose a method to correct the changed part of the target using atoms in the patched dictionary by adding a global constraint. If the target is corrupted, this constraint term will weaken the influence of variation and strengthen the stability of the pooled features. Otherwise, the method is based on the whole target and will protect its spatial continuity. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations on challenging benchmark image sequences demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has excellent tracking behavior, displaying robustness and stability with little drifting on a target with altering appearance and partial occlusion.
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This paper discussed the main technical specifications and applications of the recent typical infrared optical remote sensor in the world, analyzed and summarized the trends, and speculated the development direction of infrared detection technology in future.
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Under the influence of operating temperature on detection range of InSb (PV) detection system, the paper gets the relation between operating temperature and D* by combination of carrier transport in detector and Johnson noise, and the detection range model of system in temperature variation is get by elevating the relation to system-level. On the basis of this model, the relation curves between detection range and temperature are simulated in a certain detecting condition, and the influence of operating temperature on detection range is analyzed. To validate the veracity of this model, the detection range experiment in different temperature condition is designed and built, and the conclusion which the model is truthfulness is drawn by data comparison and analysis of error. This conclusion is meaningful in improving system operating environment and method of application.
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Transform domain based visual and infrared image fusion method is an important research direction. All kinds of natural images could not be expressed effectively by wavelet transform with only one kind of wavelet basis functions due to the high redundancies of its linear and curve singularity expression. Multi-resolution singular value decomposition (MR-SVD) computed the transformation matrix from the original image. With the computed transformation matrix, the original image is decomposed to unrelated “smooth” and the “detail” components. On each layer of the smooth components, the singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to replace the wavelet filter, realizing the multi-level decomposition. A novel visual and infrared image fusion algorithm is presented because of the better sparsity and adaptability of multi-resolution singular value decomposition (MR-SVD), which could resolve the difficult problem of wavelet function basis selection for different kind of visual and infrared images. The same transformation matrixes computed from original visual or infrared imagery used to decompose the original images with MR-SVD, which could reduce the blurring problem of fusion image got by the average transformation matrixes. Then, cycle spinning is employed to remove the artifacts in the fusion image. experimental results according to both the subjective and objective criteria, including the average, standard deviation and average MI, indicate that the proposed method could get better fusion results compared to methods like wavelet transform.
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In manufacturing of InSb focal plane detector, InSb chip have to be polished from backside to reduce its thickness and then be plated a layer of coating to decrease its reflection (enhance its transmittance) for infrared ray. Moreover, the anti-reflection coating has to be multilayer for more anti-reflection bandwidth. In this article, it is introduced that the optimal design of triple layer λ/4 anti-reflection coating——the anodic oxide, SiNx and MgF2. The best thickness range of each layer and its theoretical reflective index are calculated from simulation software, until the refractive index of each layer has been measured by ellipsometer. And then the transmissivity and reflectivity of the triple layer coating are measured for testing and verifying its performance on the transmittance and reflection. In the end, the anti-reflective effect of the triple layer coating and monolayer SiNx coating are respectively measured and compared by infrared focal plane array measurement system. And it is showed that this triple layer coating achieved more anti-reflection bandwidth and better anti reflective effect.
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There are two regular methods to calculate infrared atmospheric transmittance, including empirical formula and professional software. However, it has large deviations to use empirical formula. It is complicated to use professional software and difficult to apply in other infrared simulative system. Therefore, based on measured atmospheric data in some area for many years, article used the method of molecular single absorption to calculate absorption coefficients of water vapor and carbon dioxide in different temperature. Temperatures, pressures, and consequent scattering coefficients which distributed in different high were fitted with analysis formula according to different months. Then, it built simulative calculation model of atmospheric transmittance of infrared radiation. The simulative results are very close to accuracy results calculated by user-defined model of MODTRAN. The method is easy and convenient to use and has certain referent value in the project application.
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Drunk driving problem is a serious threat to traffic safety. Automatic drunk driver identification is vital to improve the traffic safety. This paper copes with automatic drunk driver detection using far infrared thermal images by the holistic features. To improve the robustness of drunk driver detection, instead of traditional local pixels, a holistic feature extraction method is proposed to attain compact and discriminative features for infrared face drunk identification. Discrete cosine transform (DCT) in discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain is used to extract the useful features in infrared face images for its high speed. Then, the first six DCT coefficients are retained for drunk classification by means of “Z” scanning. Finally, SVM is applied to classify the drunk person. Experimental results illustrate that the accuracy rate of proposed infrared face drunk identification can reach 98.5% with high computation efficiency, which can be applied in real drunk driver detection system.
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For mastery of infrared radiation spectral characteristics and intensity distribution of exhaust plume of an axial-symmetrical nozzle, this paper used software Fluent6.3 to simulate the 3-D exterior flow field of the axial-symmetrical nozzle, and obtained the data of the flow field such as temperature, pressure and density, and established the columniform area of computing infrared radiation according to the characteristic of the axial-symmetrical nozzle plume. Then by the finite volumetric method (FVM) and the narrow band model of gases infrared radiation, the spectral characteristic and the total intensity distribution in 3~5μm of exhaust plume infrared radiant were calculated. The results show that the infrared radiation intensity distribution is axial-symmetrical, and the infrared radiation intensity is the feeblest in axial direction and is stronger in π/6~π/3 direction, meanwhile, two peaks of plume infrared radiation emerge in 2.7μm and 4.3μm, and the infrared detector by 4.3μm is in favor of detecting an aircraft.
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Cryogenic camera which is widely used in deep space detection cools down optical system and support structure by cryogenic refrigeration technology, thereby improving the sensitivity. Discussing the characteristics and design points of infrared detector combined with camera’s characteristics. At the same time, cryogenic background test systems of chip and detector assembly are established. Chip test system is based on variable cryogenic and multilayer Dewar, and assembly test system is based on target and background simulator in the thermal vacuum environment. The core of test is to establish cryogenic background. Non-uniformity, ratio of dead pixels and noise of test result are given finally. The establishment of test system supports for the design and calculation of infrared systems.
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Focal Plane Array (FPA) detector has characteristics of low cost, operating at room temperature, compatibility with the silicon CMOS technology, and high detecting performance, therefore it becomes a hot spot in infrared (IR) or terahertz (THz) detect field recently. However, the tradition structure of micro-bolometer has the conflict of the pixel size and thermal performance. In order to improve the detecting performance of small pixel size bolometer, high fill factor and low thermal conductance design should be considered. In IR detecting, double layers structure is an efficient method to improve the absorption of micro-bolometer and reduce thermal conductance. The three-dimension model of small size micro-bolometer was built in this article. The thermal and mechanical characters of those models were simulated and optimized, and finally the double layer structure micro-bolometer was fabricated with multifarious semiconductor recipes on the readout integrated chip wafer. For THz detecting, to improve the detecting performance, different dimension THz detectors based on micro-bridge structure were designed and fabricated to get optimizing micro-bolometer parameters from the test results of membrane deformation. A nanostructured titanium thin film absorber is integrated in the micro-bridge structure of the VOx micro-bolometer to enhance the absorption of THz radiation. Continuous-wave THz detection and imaging are demonstrated with a 2.52 THz far infrared CO2 laser and fabricated 320×240 vanadium oxide micro-bolometer focal plane array with optimized cell structure. With this detecting system, THz imaging of metal concealed in wiping cloth and envelope is demonstrated.
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Posture recognition is a very important Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) way. To segment effective posture from an image, we propose an improved region grow algorithm which combining with the Single Gauss Color Model. The experiment shows that the improved region grow algorithm can get the complete and accurate posture than traditional Single Gauss Model and region grow algorithm, and it can eliminate the similar region from the background at the same time. In the posture recognition part, and in order to improve the recognition rate, we propose a CNN ensemble classifier, and in order to reduce the misjudgments during a continuous gesture control, a vote filter is proposed and applied to the sequence of recognition results. Comparing with CNN classifier, the CNN ensemble classifier we proposed can yield a 96.27% recognition rate, which is better than that of CNN classifier, and the proposed vote filter can improve the recognition result and reduce the misjudgments during the consecutive gesture switch.
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Estimating unknown parameters for chaotic system is a key problem in the field of chaos control and synchronization. Through constructing an appropriate fitness function, parameter estimation of chaotic system could be converted to a multidimensional parameter optimization problem. In this paper, a new method base on improved boundary chicken swarm optimization (IBCSO) algorithm is proposed for solving the problem of parameter estimation in chaotic system. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no published research work on chicken swarm optimization for parameters estimation of chaotic system. Computer simulation based on Lorenz system and comparisons with chicken swarm optimization, particle swarm optimization, and genetic algorithm shows the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.
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In recent years, more than 300 sets of Trouble of Running Freight Train Detection System (TFDS) have been installed on railway to monitor the safety of running freight trains in China. However, TFDS is simply responsible for capturing, transmitting, and storing images, and fails to recognize faults automatically due to some difficulties such as such as the diversity and complexity of faults and some low quality images. To improve the performance of automatic fault recognition, it is of great importance to locate the potential fault areas. In this paper, we first introduce a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to TFDS and propose a potential fault region detection system (PFRDS) for simultaneously detecting four typical types of potential fault regions (PFRs). The experimental results show that this system has a higher performance of image detection to PFRs in TFDS. An average detection recall of 98.95% and precision of 100% are obtained, demonstrating the high detection ability and robustness against various poor imaging situations.
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The design of the collimator for dynamic infrared (IR) scene simulation based on the digital micro-mirror devices (DMD) is present in this paper. The collimator adopts a reimaging configuration to limit in physical size availability and cost. The aspheric lens is used in the relay optics to improve the image quality and simplify the optics configuration. The total internal reflection (TIR) prisms is located between the last surface of the optics and the DMD to fold the raypaths of the IR light source. The optics collimates the output from 1024×768 element DMD in the 8~10.3μm waveband and enables an imaging system to be tested out of 8° Field Of View (FOV). The long pupil distance of 800mm ensures the remote location seekers under the test.
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In order to overcome the shortcoming of traditional image fusion based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), a novel image fusion algorithm based on gradient correlation and difference statistics is proposed in this paper. The source images are decomposed into low-frequency coefficients and high-frequency coefficients by DWT: the former are fused by a local gradient correlation based scheme to extract the local feature information in source images; the latter are fused by a neighbor difference statistics based scheme to reserve the conspicuous edge information. Finally, the fused image is reconstructed by inverse DWT. Experimental results show that the proposed method performs better than other methods in reserving details.
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The Strap-Down Inertial Navigation System (SINS) is a widely used navigation system. The combination of SINS and the Celestial Navigation System (CNS) is one of the popular measures to constitute the integrated navigation system. A Star Sensor (SS) is used as a precise attitude determination device in CNS. To solve the problem that the star image obtained by SS under dynamic conditions is motion-blurred, the Attitude Correlated Frames (ACF) is presented and the star sensor which works based on ACF approach is named ACFSS. Depending on the ACF approach, a novel device-level SINS/ACFSS deeply integrated navigation method is proposed in this paper. Feedback to the ACF process from the error of the gyro is one of the typical characters of the SINS/CNS deeply integrated navigation method. Herein, simulation results have verified its validity and efficiency in improving the accuracy of gyro and it can be proved that this method is feasible in theory.
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In this paper, deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) techniques are used to study the defects presented in InxGa1-xAs/InP PIN photodetectors. For the lattice matched InxGa1-xAs /InP devices with x=0.53, the only electron trap located near the middle of the band gap is observed. A study of the influence of the bias voltage variation on DLTS signal for electron trap illustrates that this trap are uniformly distributed in the volume of InxGa1-xAs material. On the other hand, for the lattice mismatch InxGa1-xAs /InP devices, the additional hole defect located in the lower side of the middle gap is observed and this concentration increased with the depletion width. It is considered that these traps are related to the lattice mismatch and could be contributed to the large dark currents in the extended wavelength InxGa1-xAs photodetectors.
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Infrared scene simulation system can simulate multifold objects and backgrounds to perform dynamic test and evaluate EO detecting system in the hardware in-the-loop test. The basic structure of a dual-waveband dynamic IR scene projector was introduced in the paper. The system’s core device is an IR Digital Micro-mirror Device (DMD) and the radiant source is a mini-type high temperature IR plane black-body. An IR collimation optical system which transmission range includes 3~5μm and 8~12μm is designed as the projection optical system. Scene simulation software was developed with Visual C++ and Vega soft tools and a software flow chart was presented. The parameters and testing results of the system were given, and this system was applied with satisfying performance in an IR imaging simulation testing.
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In the process of recording terahertz digital hologram, the hologram is easy to be contaminated by speckle noise, which leads to lower resolution in imaging system and affects the reconstruction results seriously. Thus, the study of filtering algorithms applicable for de-speckling terahertz digital holography image has important practical values. In this paper, non-local means filtering and guided bilateral filtering were brought to process the real image reconstructed from continuous-wave terahertz coaxial digital hologram. For comparison, median filtering, bilateral filtering, and robust bilateral filtering, were introduced as conventional methods to denoise the real image. Then, all the denoising results were evaluated. The comparison indicates that the guided bilateral filter manifests the optimal denoising effect for the terahertz digital holography image, both significantly suppressing speckle noise, and effectively preserving the useful information on the reconstructed image.
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Random time delay may cause instability in the internet based teleoperation system. Transparency and intuitiveness are also very important for operator to control the system to accurately perform the desired action, especially for the gripper teleoperation system. This paper presents a new grip force control method of gripper teleoperation system with haptic feedback. The system employs the SEMG signal as the control parameter in order to enhance the intuitive control experience for operator. In order to eliminate the impacts on the system stability caused by random time delay, a non-time based teleoperation method is applied to the control process. Besides, neural network and designed fuzzy logic controller is also utilized to improve this control method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by experiment results.
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Finger-vein recognition has became the most popular biometric identify methods. The investigation on the recognition algorithms always is the key point in this field. So far, there are many applicable algorithms have been developed. However, there are still some problems in practice, such as the variance of the finger position which may lead to the image distortion and shifting; during the identification process, some matching parameters determined according to experience may also reduce the adaptability of algorithm. Focus on above mentioned problems, this paper proposes an improved finger-vein recognition algorithm based on template matching. In order to enhance the robustness of the algorithm for the image distortion, the least squares error method is adopted to correct the oblique finger. During the feature extraction, local adaptive threshold method is adopted. As regard as the matching scores, we optimized the translation preferences as well as matching distance between the input images and register images on the basis of Naoto Miura algorithm. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can improve the robustness effectively under the finger shifting and rotation conditions.
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Terahertz (THz) continuous-wave digital holography is an advanced interference imaging technique that can reconstruct quantitative distributions of amplitude and phase of the sample in real time with high resolution. In this paper, a reflective off-axis holographic system is presented. A Gaussian fitting method is applied to enhance the hologram contrast and Laplacian of Gaussian filter is used to obtain the reconstructed distance automatically. Furthermore, spectrum filtering method and angular spectrum algorithm are used to obtain the complex amplitude of the one-yuan chinese metal coin. The results confirm the prospective application of terahertz digital holography in the surface morphology for reflective samples.
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Currently, there are many research works focusing on the best fusion method suitable for satellite images of SPOT, QuickBird, Landsat and so on, but only a few of them discuss the application of GaoFen-1 satellite images. This paper proposes a novel idea by using four fusion methods, such as principal component analysis transform, Brovey transform, hue-saturation-value transform, and Gram-Schmidt transform, from the perspective of keeping the original image spectral information. The experimental results showed that the transformed images by the four fusion methods not only retain high spatial resolution on panchromatic band but also have the abundant spectral information. Through comparison and evaluation, the integration of Brovey transform is better, but the color fidelity is not the premium. The brightness and color distortion in hue saturation-value transformed image is the largest. Principal component analysis transform did a good job in color fidelity, but its clarity still need improvement. Gram-Schmidt transform works best in color fidelity, and the edge of the vegetation is the most obvious, the fused image sharpness is higher than that of principal component analysis. Brovey transform, is suitable for distinguishing the Gram-Schmidt transform, and the most appropriate for GaoFen-1 satellite image in vegetation and non-vegetation area. In brief, different fusion methods have different advantages in image quality and class extraction, and should be used according to the actual application information and image fusion algorithm.
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Shape Matching under Affine Transformation (SMAT) is an important issue in shape analysis. Most of the existing SMAT methods are sensitive to noise or complicated because they usually need to extract the edge points or compute the high order function of the shape. To solve these problems, a new SMAT method which combines the low order shape normalization and the multi-scale area integral features is proposed. First, the shapes with affine transformation are normalized into their orthogonal representations according to the moments and an equivalent resample. This procedure transforms the shape by several linear operations: translations, scaling, and rotation, following by a resample operation. Second, the Multi-Scale Area Integral Features (MSAIF) of the shapes which are invariant to the orthogonal transformation (rotation and reflection transformation) are extracted. The MSAIF is a signature achieved through concatenating the area integral feature at a range of scales from fine to coarse. The area integral feature is an integration of the feature values, which are computed by convoluting the shape with an isotropic kernel and taking the complement, over the shape domain following by the normalization using the area of the shape. Finally, the matching of different shapes is performed according to the dissimilarity which is measured with the optimal transport distance. The performance of the proposed method is tested on the car dataset and the multi-view curve dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed method is efficient and robust, and can be used in many shape analysis works.
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In this paper, we consider direct image registration problem which estimate the geometric and photometric transformations between two images. The efficient second-order minimization method (ESM) is based on a second-order Taylor series of image differences without computing the Hessian under brightness constancy assumption. This can be done due to the fact that the considered geometric transformations is Lie group and can be parameterized by its Lie algebra. In order to deal with lighting changes, we extend ESM to the compositional dual efficient second-order minimization method (CDESM). In our approach, the photometric transformations is parameterized by its Lie algebra with compositional operation, which is similar to that of geometric transformations. Our algorithm can give a second-order approximation of image differences with respect to geometric and photometric parameters. The geometric and photometric parameters are simultaneously obtained by non-linear least-square optimization. Our algorithm preserves the advantages of the original ESM method which has high convergence rate and large capture radius. Experimental results show that our algorithm is more robust to lighting changes and has higher registration accuracy compared to previous algorithms.
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Plasma enhanced ignition is an important way in the field of ignition auxiliary. It has got wide attention throughout the researchers both at home and abroad. Emission spectrum analysis is an important non-contact measurement method and could be used to analyze the parameters of the plasma. The coaxial corona discharge device was built and the emission spectrum was measured and analyzed. The physical model was constructed to calculate the vibrational temperature of nitrogen molecular. The results of the experiment and calculation results show that the emission spectrum of corona discharge is mainly second positive band system of nitrogen molecule. It is produced by the transition of the N2(C3Πu) and N2(B3Πu) which is the strongest and the most stable N2 emission spectrum. Ignore the emission spectrum of single line with no line width. The emission spectrum is mainly the N2(C-B,0-0), N2(C-B,1-3), N2(C-B,0-2), N2(C-B,1-4), N2(C-B,0-3) transition spectrum. The emission spectrum line of O2 is not obvious in the air corona discharge emission spectrum. The vibration temperature of nitrogen molecules was calculated according to the second positive band. The vibrational temperature of nitrogen molecules is 6193.21K, 3076.46K, 2788.61K at the discharge power of 1.325W, 4.272W, 8.4W. It laid a foundation of plasma enhance ignition for the further research.
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Acoustic transducers are traditionally used to generate underwater acoustical energy with the device physically immersed in water. Novel methods are required for communicating from an in-air platform or surface vessel to a submerged vessel. One possible noncontact downlink communication system involves the use of laser induced acoustic source. The most common mechanisms of opto-acoustic energy conversion are, by order of increasing laser energy density and efficiency, thermal expansion, surface evaporation and optical breakdown. The laser induced acoustic source inherently bears the obvious advantage of not requiring any physical transducer in the medium. At the same time, acoustic energy propagation is efficient in water, whereas optical energy propagate well in air, leading to a more efficiency opto-acoustic communication method. In this paper, an opto-acoustic underwater Communication system is described, aiming to study and analysis whether laser induced sound could achieve good performance for effective communication in practical application.
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Constructing robust binary local feature descriptors are receiving increasing interest due to their binary nature, which can enable fast processing while requiring significantly less memory than their floating-point competitors. To bridge the performance gap between the binary and floating-point descriptors without increasing the computational cost of computing and matching, optimal binary weights are learning to assign to binary descriptor for considering each bit might contribute differently to the distinctiveness and robustness. Technically, a large-scale regularized optimization method is applied to learn float weights for each bit of the binary descriptor. Furthermore, binary approximation for the float weights is performed by utilizing an efficient alternatively greedy strategy, which can significantly improve the discriminative power while preserve fast matching advantage. Extensive experimental results on two challenging datasets (Brown dataset and Oxford dataset) demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.
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LLL (Low-light-level) / infrared image fusion can integrate both bands information of the target, it is beneficial for target detection and scene perception in the low visibility weather such as night, haze, rain, and snow. The quality of fused image is declined, when any channel image quality drops. There will be great changes in the brightness, contrast and noise on LLL images when environment illumination has obvious changes, but the current color fusion methods is not adapted to the environment illumination change in larger dynamic range. In this paper, LLL image characteristics are analyzed under different environment illumination, and a kind of adaptive color fusion method is proposed based on the RGB color space. The fused image can get better brightness and signal-to-noise ratio under the different intensity of illumination.
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Machine vision based mechanical appearance fault analysis and inspection is getting broad applications in past decades. Train wheel tread damage is a common fault pattern. The precedent step of the routine vision based analysis work is to get an image that includes the wheel surface. In this paper, a wheel curve edge extraction and object region segmentation framework is proposed. Firstly the salient rail line edge is extracted for a previous segmentation step and a sub image is acquired. Then line segment detector is used to detect the lines along the contours. And the wheel and shadow curve edge are approximated by line segments sets. Through certain geometry rules, the two edge lines are extracted. Finally the wheel object region is extracted perfectly and accurately.
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The infrared-interfering composite smog material is prepared by a heating and agitating device in aqueous solutions and then sprayed into a cloud chamber for six minutes to form smog using gas-water mixing spray system. The attenuation performances of the smog to visible light, 1.06μm laser, 3-5μm infrared and 8-14μm infrared are evaluated, and compared with those of other testing materials. The results show that the sprayed smog have the best attenuation performances and the longest interfering time to visible light, 1.06μm laser, 3-5μm infrared and 8-14μm infrared. Therefore, the infrared-interfering composite smog material in the form of aqueous solution is the new smoke obscurant materials that are environment-friendly and possess broad application prospects in some aspects such as visible light, laser and infrared countermeasures.
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This paper first studies motion-related data driven tracking methods and analyzes their insufficiency and applications, then introduces the idea of Mean Shift and constructs kernel probability density based target model in accordance with statistical characteristics of infrared dim and small target in terms of statistical characteristics based difference between the infrared dim and small target and noise, and finally explores key problems such as target template extracting from tracking infrared dim and small target, tracking location determination and target model updating. The experiment results have shown that this motion-related based tracking method incorporating target gray scale statistical characteristics achieves effective combination of two tracking patterns by integrating advantages of both and thus significantly improves accuracy of tracking infrared dim and small target.
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This paper has discussed the problems of trajectory optimization of feeding manipulator based on penalty function. Has selected the types of feeding robot, which work on NC machining center of the flexible workshop, and created the mathematical model with penalty function, for the purpose not only to optimize its walking path to reduce the production cost, but also improve its safety and efficiency of production. It has been verified by theoretical analysis and practice, the path optimization method is feasible.
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Hypersonic body moving in the atmosphere will suffer high temperature reacting flows which will emit complex radiation. Theoretical calculation was taken in this paper for a hypersonic non-ablative sphere. Hypersonic flow around the sphere was simulated using 9 species chemical kinetic and two temperature thermal non-equilibrium model. Based on this simulated flow field, the LOS method is used to solve radiative transfer and line-by-line model is used to calculate the spectrum from molecular and atoms in mid-infrared. The spectra from different components have been analyzed one by one. The calculation founds out that atom N and O diatomic molecule NO and bremsstrahlung will be important radiation source in this pure air hypersonic flow field. The radiation from hypersonic flow field has been analyzed in both high pressure environment and low pressure environment.
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Compressive imaging is an imaging way based on the compressive sensing theory, which could achieve to capture the high resolution image through a small set of measurements. As the core of the compressive imaging, the design of the measurement matrix is sufficient to ensure that the image can be recovered from the measurements. Due to the fast computing capacity and the characteristic of easy hardware implementation, The Toeplitz block circulant matrix is proposed to realize the encoded samples. The measurement matrix is usually optimized for improving the image reconstruction quality. However, the existing optimization methods can destroy the matrix structure easily when applied to the Toeplitz block circulant matrix optimization process, and the deterministic iterative processes of them are inflexible, because of requiring the task optimized to need to satisfy some certain mathematical property. To overcome this problem, a novel method of optimizing the Toeplitz block circulant matrix based on the particle swarm optimization intelligent algorithm is proposed in this paper. The objective function is established by the way of approaching the target matrix that is the Gram matrix truncated by the Welch threshold. The optimized object is the vector composed by the free entries instead of the Gram matrix. The experimental results indicate that the Toeplitz block circulant measurement matrix can be optimized while preserving the matrix structure by our method, and result in the reconstruction quality improvement.
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With the development of high-resolution imaging infrared remote satellites, high resolution imaging and wide swath width are required. Now one effective way to get a wide imaging swath is to increase the length of infrared chip linear array. Restricted by the number of sensor elements on each chip, field butting of the multiple chips is often adopted to obtain a wide of the field of view (FOV). However, since each infrared chip is actually an array in physical structure, and there is also an outer cover for each chip, it is really impossible to place the multiple infrared chips directly as a straight line on the focal plane, and three non-collinear arranging style is adopted instead. Due to the control stability of the drift angle, a non-collinear arrangement of the three chips on the focal plane, the undulation of the ground elevation and so on, the sub-image separately captured by each infrared chip cannot directly from as an integrated image scene. In this paper, the image mode of the three non-collinear Infrared chips is proposed. What is more, some key factors that affect the imaging quality of the three non-collinear infrared chips are discussed in detail, including the control of the drift angle, the placement of the three infrared chips on the focal plane, the terrain undulation and so on. The scales of the effect caused by those factors are calculated in the paper. In order to test and verify the methods given in the paper, flight mission of sun synchronism circle orbit is taken as an example for simulation. Some practical conclusions are arrived at. When the drift angle is out of control, it can bring the effect of the drift angle on the overlapping degree about pixel number, and relative distortion variation tendency was given based on altitude difference.
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In this paper, we report 2D simulation for InGaAs/InAlAs separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication
avalanche photodetectors (SAGCM APDs), study the effect of multiplication layer parameters on the operating voltage
ranges of APD. We found that with the change of the thickness and doping concentration of multiplication layer, the
change of the punchthrough voltage, and the breakdown voltage can be obviously observed.
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The CAPS (Cavity Attenuated Phase shift Spectroscopy) system, which detects the extinction coefficients within a 10 nm bandpass centered at 532 nm, comprises a green LED with center wavelength in 532nm, a resonant optical cavity (36 cm length), a Photo Multiplier Tube detector, and a lock in amplifier. The square wave modulated light from the LED passes through the optical cavity and is detected as a distorted waveform which is characterized by a phase shift with respect to the initial modulation. Extinction coefficients are determined from changes in the phase shift of the distorted waveform of the square wave modulated LED light that is transmitted through the optical cavity. The performance of the CAPS system was evaluated by using measurements of the stability and response of the system. The minima (~0.1 Mm-1) in the Allan plots show the optimum average time (~100s) for optimum detection performance of the CAPS system. In the paper, it illustrates that extinction coefficient was correlated with PM2.5 mass (0.91). These figures indicate that this method has the potential to become one of the most sensitive on-line analytical techniques for extinction coefficient detection. This work aims to provide an initial validation of the CAPS extinction monitor in laboratory and field environments. Our initial results presented in this paper show that the CAPS extinction monitor is capable of providing state-of-the-art performance while dramatically reducing the complexity of optical instrumentation for directly measuring the extinction coefficients.
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When a laser irradiates into the liquid medium, the medium absorbs the laser energy and induces sound source. As a new method to generate underwater sound wave, laser-acoustic has a variety of commercial and oceanographic applications on the information transmission between aerial and underwater platform, underwater target detection, marine environment measurement etc. due to its merits such as high acoustic intensity, spike pulse and wide frequency spectrum. According to different energy intensity of the laser pulse and the spatial and temporal distribution of energy interaction region, the mechanism of the laser interacting with water that generating sound are classified as thermoelastic, vaporization and optical breakdown mainly. Thermoelastic is an important mechanism of laser-acoustics. The characteristics of photoacoustic signal that induced by thermoelastic mechanism was summarized and analyzed comprehensively. According to different induce conditions, theoretical models of the photoacoustic signal induced by a δ pulse and a long pulse laser are summarized respectively, and its nature characteristic in the time domain and frequency domain were analyzed. Through simulation, the theoretical curve of the sound directivity was drawn. These studies will provide a reference for the practical application of laser-acoustics technology.
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Because the infrared images have the disadvantage of low contrast and fuzzy edges, it is not suitable for us to observe them, so it is necessary to first make enhanced processing before recognition. Though the existing enhancement methods do not take into account the characteristics of HVS, the visual effect of the processed images is not good. Therefore, the paper proposes an enhancement algorithm of infrared images that combine multi-resolution wavelet transform with Retinex theory, it blends with the characteristics of HVS in order to make high-frequency details of infrared images strengthen and illumination uniformity strength and the brightness of IR images moderate. Through experimental results and data analysis, it not only improves the infrared images of low contrast and fuzzy detail, but also suppresses the noise in images to strengthen the overall visual effect of the infrared images.
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This article contains information about using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIRS) over the spectral region of 0.1− 3 THz for distinguishing and identifying three kinds of gramineous forage. The optical parameters such as refractive index, absorption coefficient and dielectric constant are obtained, which show that the spectrum of different forage varieties in the effective terahertz frequency range is different, and the absorption coefficient is monotonically increasing in the range of 0.2-1.4THz. The average refractive index and dielectric constant of the forage samples are located at the range of 1.5-1.8 and 2.3-3.0, respectively. And curves showed that there was a good discrimination between forage varieties. The study demonstrates that terahertz spectroscopy technique can be useful identification and diagnostic tool, which provides rapid, nondestructive discrimination of forage varieties.
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To improve the spatial resolution of the thermal microscope imaging system, the micro-scanning zero point should be determined. Based on geometric principles, a new technique for zero calibration by using an image registration algorithm is presented. The aim of the technique is to obtain the size and direction of the zero calibration angles by estimating the displacement between two thermal microscope images. The simulations and experiments are conducted separately before and after the zero calibration is determined. Our main results show that the proposed technique can effectively improve the thermal microscope imaging quality. Furthermore this technique can also be applied to other electro-optical imaging systems and improve their resolutions.
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Compared with the visible light imaging system, the infrared imaging system is more uncertain and unstable. Visible system is stable and mature, and the image quality less affected by ambient light, temperature, and other factors. The infrared detectors have a more complex process, there are many non-uniformity problems. The image quality has great influence from the environment, and the effect of temperature on the image is most serious. Especially with a closed infrared system, deterioration of image is very obvious with the temperature. The infrared detectors are vastly different, not only do the various manufacturers have different detector performance, but also detectors from the same batch by the same manufacturer; the image changes with the ambient temperature are not the same. In this case, calibration and debug of the image system is very difficult. Even when you get a better result in one system, it’s difficult to apply to another system. This paper presents a real-time temperature-based correction algorithm for infrared image, and encapsulate it to configurable parameters, reusable IP core, which is based on Altera’s Qsys platform, and use the Avalon-MM and Avalon-ST bus. The image data stream via the IP core by Avalon-ST bus, and the image correction parameters configured by controller through Avalon-MM bus. The IP core read from temperature chip to get ambient temperature, and correct image according to the parameters. The IP core has such a high degree of reusability and portability because compatibility for Qsys platform and using Avalon interface. And people can see the system output results in real time through the adjustable parameters. So this IP core can accelerate the development of product.
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The thermal or cold wake of the underwater vehicles will be formed at the sea surface in different region during sailing, then the underwater vehicles will be detected by airborne or space borne infrared detectors easily, which will imperil their security. A model between the detection probability and the Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD) of the detectors, and the temperature difference between the wake and the sea surface, etc., was established and the evaluation of detection probability in different discrimination levels and other parameters, such as time, location, atmosphere, sea, detector performance, wake temperature, etc., was realized, and a software named Wake Detection of Underwater Vehicle by Infrared (WDPUV-IR) was developed. The results showed that the detection probability to the wake with high detector performance or large temperature difference or short detection distance or low discrimination level was relatively high, but it was difficult to detect targets with small temperature difference and size when the atmospheric transmittance value was low.
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In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of pseudo-random code, by the case of m sequence. Depending on the description of coding theory, we introduce the jamming methods. We simulate the interference effect or probability model by the means of MATLAB to consolidate. In accordance with the length of decoding time the adversary spends, we find out the optimal formula and optimal coefficients based on machine learning, then we get the new optimal interference code. First, when it comes to the phase of recognition, this study judges the effect of interference by the way of simulating the length of time over the decoding period of laser seeker. Then, we use laser active deception jamming simulate interference process in the tracking phase in the next block. In this study we choose the method of laser active deception jamming. In order to improve the performance of the interference, this paper simulates the model by MATLAB software. We find out the least number of pulse intervals which must be received, then we can make the conclusion that the precise interval number of the laser pointer for m sequence encoding. In order to find the shortest space, we make the choice of the greatest common divisor method. Then, combining with the coding regularity that has been found before, we restore pulse interval of pseudo-random code, which has been already received. Finally, we can control the time period of laser interference, get the optimal interference code, and also increase the probability of interference as well.
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Multi-pass cells (MPCs) are commonly used to improve the sensitivity for trace gas detection using spectroscopy technologies. The determination of Effective Optical Path Length (EOPL) of a MPC is very important and challenging in applications which aim at absolute measurements. It is well-known that the temperature changing will exercise some influence on the MPCs’ spatial structure, however, measurements of the influence haven’t been reported which might due to the limitation of measuring method. In this paper, we used a direct high-precision measuring method with Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometer (OFDR) to evaluate the thermal stability of a multi-pass cell. To simulate the environment with a large range of temperature changing, this paper gave a series of experiments by setting the temperature control unit in system from 25 to 175 degree Celsius, and the MPC’s EOPL was measured simultaneously for the investigation of temperature response. The results showed that the effective optical path length increase monotonically along with the variation of the temperature, and the rising rate is 0.5 mm/ºC with the total length of about 3 meters which should be pay attention to when the ultra-high accuracy results are demanded. To stabilize the EOPL of the system, if it is possible, the environment temperature of gas cell can be controlled with a constant temperature. In practical applications, the real-time monitoring of EOPL with a direct measuring method may be necessary.
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The Hollow Waveguide (HWG) has emerged as a novel tool to transmit laser power. Owing to its long Effective Optical Path Length (EOPL) within a relatively small volume, it is suitable for the application as a gas cell in concentration measurement by using laser spectroscopy. The measurement of effective optical path length for a hollow waveguide, which possesses the physical length of 284.0 cm, by using Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) was demonstrated. Carbon dioxide was used as a sample gas for a hollow waveguide calibration. A 2004 nm Distributed Feed-Back (DFB) laser was used as the light source to cover a CO2 line near 2003 nm, which was selected as the target line in the measurement. The reference direct absorption spectroscopy signal was obtained by delivering CO2 into a reference cell possessing a length of 29.4 cm. Then the effective optical path length of HWG was calculated by least-squares fitting the measured absorption signal to the reference absorption signal. The measured EOPL of HWG was 282.8 cm and the repeatability error of effective optical path length was calculated as 0.08 cm. A detection limit of 0.057 cm (with integral time 5 s) characterized by the Allan variance, was derived. The effective optical path length is obtained as the significant parameter to calculate the concentration of gases and it is of great importance to precise measurement of absorption spectroscopy.
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This paper reports an efficient method for line matching, which utilizes local intensity gradient information and neighboring geometric attributes. Lines are detected in a multi-scale way to make the method robust to scale changes. A descriptor based on local appearance is built to generate candidate matching pairs. The key idea is to accumulate intensity gradient information into histograms based on their intensity orders to overcome the fragmentation problem of lines. Besides, local coordinate system is built for each line to achieve rotation invariance. For each line segment in candidate matching pairs, a histogram is built by aggregating geometric attributes of neighboring line segments. The final matching measure derives from the distance between normalized geometric attributes histograms. Experiments show that the proposed method is robust to large illumination changes and is rotation invariant.
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The use of line-plane-switching infrared fiber bundle to achieve wide field of view push-broom infrared imaging has been studied with experiment. In this technology, the linear array end of the imaging fiber bundle is used as a long-linear array infrared detector, and the plane array end of the bundle is coupled by a mature small scale Infrared Focal Plane Array (IRFPA). It can evade the difficulty of getting the long-linear array infrared detector directly, and has a signally significance to the development of internal infrared imaging technology. Based on the introduction of the composition, working principle of this novel infrared optical system, the system principle-demonstrating experiment has been accomplished. The line-plane-switching fiber bundle used in this experiment is 64×9 format plane array and 192×3 format linear array. It is made from chalcogenide glass fibers, possessing core (As40S59.5Se0.5) of 45 μm, cladding (As40S60) of 5 μm, and error of 1% in diameter. Perfect imaging results prove that this novel technology is feasibility and superiority. The analysis of the experiment makes a foundation for the subsequent further verification experiments.
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A newly developed real-time infrared signal processing system based on the heterogeneous multi-processor system on chip (MPSoC) is proposed in this paper. The architecture, hardware configuration, image pre-processing algorithms used in the system and the experimental result are presented. Compared to the infrared signal processing system in being, Xilinx Zynq-7000 All Programmable SoC has been used in the proposed system which is more portable, integrated, and has excellent performance during its signal processing.
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Metamaterials have attracted a lot of attention in the past decade, because of its remarkable properties in electronics and photonics. Recently, a new kind of two-dimensional metamaterial named metasurface have led the research front. Metasurfaces show up excellent optical properties by patterning planar nanostructures. Novel optical phenomena based on graphene include ultra-thin focusing, anomalous reflection or refraction strong spin-orbit and so on. In this work, we have designed a novel infrared light polarized beam splitter by combining the 2D array of graphene with a subwavelength-thickness optical cavity, which demonstrated great splitting effect in infrared wavelength. Our demonstration pave a novel way for the infrared light polarized beam splitting.
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Near-infrared (NIR) brain imaging is one of the most promising techniques for brain research in recent years. As a significant supplement to the clinical imaging technique, such as CT and MRI, the NIR technique can achieve a fast, non-invasive, and low cost imaging of the brain, which is widely used for the brain functional imaging and hematoma detection. NIR imaging can achieve an imaging depth up to only several centimeters due to the reduced optical attenuation. The structure of the human brain is so particularly complex, from the perspective of optical detection, the measurement light needs go through the skin, skull, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), grey matter, and white matter, and then reverses the order reflected by the detector. The more photons from the Depth of Interest (DOI) in brain the detector capture, the better detection accuracy and stability can be obtained. In this study, the Equivalent Signal to Noise Ratio (ESNR) was defined as the proportion of the photons from the DOI to the total photons the detector evaluated the best Source and Detector (SD) separation. The Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation was used to establish a multi brain layer model to analyze the distribution of the ESNR along the radial direction for different DOIs and several basic brain optical and structure parameters. A map between the best detection SD separation, in which distance the ESNR was the highest, and the brain parameters was established for choosing the best detection point in the NIR brain imaging application. The results showed that the ESNR was very sensitivity to the SD separation. So choosing the best SD separation based on the ESNR is very significant for NIR brain imaging application. It provides an important reference and new thinking for the brain imaging in the near infrared.
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Correlation imaging experiments correlate the outputs from two photodetectors. The image can be obtained by calculating the correlation function between results of two detectors. To reconstruct image of the object, many frames of different speckles are required. Therefore, the speed of correlation imaging is strongly limited by the speed of modulation of the light field. Usually, we use Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) to load different random phase at different positions of a plane-wave light field. The refresh rate of the speckle fields is thus limited by the surface refresh rate of SLM. However, the response speed of each pixel when we control it independently is far greater than the refresh rate of the whole surface. Based on this fact, we propose to modulate each pixel independently with different sinusoidal signals, in order to improve the refresh rate of speckle field. To generate randomly fluctuations, the frequencies of different modulation signals are selected to be coprime. At the same time, we can know in advance the intensity distribution of the speckle field in every frame, since we know the phase of each pixel when every pulse light modulated by the SLM.
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Pixels of different columns in the infrared Focal Plane Array (FPA) have different readout circuit channels, amplifiers in different channels, different 1/f noise characteristics. Such noise may cause obvious stripe noise in the infrared images and degrades the quality of captured images. First, analyzed a stripe noise removal method making use of blurred infrared image based on average filter and pointed out the limitation in this method. Then, gave the reason that lead to the limitation. On the basis of this, introduced guided filter, and came up with an acquiring strip noise correction term method using 1D guided filter to handle the average row vector of the blurred image. The simulation experiment shows that this method is effective and efficient in removing stripe noise. Moreover, this method has a low time complexity, and can be easily implemented in the project.
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For the single frame image enhancement, the enhancement of weak small targets has some limitation with only using partial information of target both in time domain and the spatial domain. The spatial domain processing methods focus on the gray feature of image target, its shortcoming is to ignore the gray continuity of the target in the time domain. However, the time domain processing methods take into account the gray continuity of the target in the time domain, but ignoring the gray intensity distribution, which will result in recognizing too many false targets with the interference of noise. The purpose of the spatial domain processing and time domain processing is to enhance target on the different basis. The spatial domain processing has a focus on the spatial characteristics of targets; another has a focus on the time movement characteristics of the target. Therefore, the energy enhancement method of multiple frames target combined with the time domain and spatial domain attract more and more attention. In this paper, according to the different feature of the target and the background and noise in space domain and time domain, the joint probability distribution is adopted to integrate gray image obtained by the two processing methods. Studies show that the average grey value and SNR gain of target enhance effectively after enhancement. At the same time, due to the time domain and spatial domain processing independent of each other, parallel processing method can be used in order to improve the speed of processing and greatly shorten the operation time.
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Hollow Waveguide (HWG) is usually used as a gas cell in an infrared gas sensor feathered with low-volume and high-sensitivity. However, the measured concentration is often distorted by the interference of the adsorption of gas molecules on the inner wall surface of the HWG. This adsorption is a type of physical absorption called capillary adsorption. In order to correct this distortion, the characteristics of HWG adsorption of ammonia were investigated by using the laser analyzer itself under HWG heating-cooling process and various ammonia flow rate in the HWG. The results showed that the readout of ammonia concentration increased by 17.8% when heating the HWG for no-flowing ammonia in the HWG, and the readout undergone a process of increase to fast decrease to slow increase when heating the HWG for flowing ammonia in the HWG at various flow rate. These surely come from the adsorption and desorption of ammonia on the inner wall surface of the HWG. The preliminary investigation provides a quantitative readout distortion and a creditable evidence for further study about the adsorption of HWG.
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Infrared DOA location is the process of direction finding for radiation targets by using two or more detectors. Infrared DOA location system will produce a large number of eliminating false location targets when the position information is obtained from multiple radiation targets and data association. A new algorithm based on associated multiple periods is proposed in this paper. According to track quality, filter coefficient and target feature, the false intersection points can be eliminated most effectively. Experimental results show that the algorithm not only can fast, effectively, and correctly eliminate false track, but also has a good prospect in engineering application.
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In order to make better use of infrared technology for driving assistance system, a scene recognition and colorization method is proposed in this paper. Various objects in a queried infrared image are detected and labelled with proper categories by a combination of SIFT-Flow and MRF model. The queried image is then colorized by assigning corresponding colors according to the categories of the objects appeared. The results show that the strategy here emphasizes important information of the IR images for human vision and could be used to broaden the application of IR images for vehicle driving.
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Overall structure of the infrared target simulator system and the principle of DMD are introduced. When DMD is on “open” state, all of the incidence light can rip into the pupil of the projection system. In addition, when it is on “close” state or “flat” state, all of the incident light can’t rip into the pupil of the projection system. Based on this principle, with a specific infrared target simulator, TIR prism with BaF2 as material is designed. And then, this design is improved by ZnSe material instead of BaF2. ZnSe transmission rate is very well in the range of 0.6 microns to 14 microns and the infrared target simulator in this project requires 3 to 5 microns and 8 to 14 microns wavelength. This material is hard and easy to be processed. The design idea and design process are introduced in details in this paper and angle parameters are obtained. To improve light utilization and image quality in infrared target simulator system, two types of thin film on TIR prism different surfaces are designed. One is high transmittance with incidence angle of 0° and 24°,the other is 55°. Finally, this scheme is simulated and optimized by Tracepro software. Approving results were acquired.
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Recently, Kernel Correlation Filter (KCF) has achieved great attention in visual tracking filed, which provide excellent tracking performance and high possessing speed. However, how to handle the scale variation is still an open problem. In this paper, focusing on this issue that a method based on Gaussian scale space is proposed. First, we will use KCF to estimate the location of the target, the context region which includes the target and its surrounding background will be the image to be matched. In order to get the matching image of a Gaussian scale space, image with Gaussian kernel convolution can be gotten. After getting the Gaussian scale space of the image to be matched, then, according to it to estimate target image under different scales. Combine with the scale parameter of scale space, for each corresponding scale image performing bilinear interpolation operation to change the size to simulate target imaging at different scales. Finally, matching the template with different size of images with different scales, use Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) as the match criterion. After getting the optimal matching in the image with the template, we will get the best zoom ratio s, consequently estimate the target size. In the experiments, compare with CSK, KCF etc. demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high improvement in accuracy, is an efficient algorithm.
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The advantage of an online semi-supervised boosting method which takes object tracking problem as a classification problem, is training a binary classifier from labeled and unlabeled examples. Appropriate object features are selected based on real time changes in the object. However, the online semi-supervised boosting method faces one key problem: The traditional self-training using the classification results to update the classifier itself, often leads to drifting or tracking failure, due to the accumulated error during each update of the tracker. To overcome the disadvantages of semi-supervised online boosting based on object tracking methods, the contribution of this paper is an improved online semi-supervised boosting method, in which the learning process is guided by positive (P) and negative (N) constraints, termed P-N constraints, which restrict the labeling of the unlabeled samples. First, we train the classification by an online semi-supervised boosting. Then, this classification is used to process the next frame. Finally, the classification is analyzed by the P-N constraints, which are used to verify if the labels of unlabeled data assigned by the classifier are in line with the assumptions made about positive and negative samples. The proposed algorithm can effectively improve the discriminative ability of the classifier and significantly alleviate the drifting problem in tracking applications. In the experiments, we demonstrate real-time tracking of our tracker on several challenging test sequences where our tracker outperforms other related on-line tracking methods and achieves promising tracking performance.
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For the technical requirements of automobile emission CO and CO2 detector’s data processor, the scheme is based on the detection principle of NDIR method and the implementation of the data processor software as well as hardware is discussed. High-speed, high-precision DSP is selected as the core of the detector’s data acquisition and processing, while four-channel thermoelectricity sensor TPS4339 as infrared detector, digital-analog data acquisition circuit of NDIR is designed and simulated. Then Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is adopted for signal processing. Automobile emission CO and CO2 concentration can be accurately obtained by appropriately adjusting sampling period and the light source modulation frequencies, the system SNR is improved and the detection limit is reduced. The experimental results show that the detector’s data processor has 3% accuracy and stability which can meet the measurement and analysis of automobile emission CO and CO2 concentration.
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Spectral emissivity is a critical material’s thermos-physical property for heat design and radiation thermometry. A prototype instrument based upon an integral blackbody method was developed to measure material’s spectral emissivity above 1000 ℃. The system was implemented with an optimized commercial variable-high-temperature blackbody, a high speed linear actuator, a linear pyrometer, and an in-house designed synchronization circuit. A sample was placed in a crucible at the bottom of the blackbody furnace, by which the sample and the tube formed a simulated blackbody which had an effective total emissivity greater than 0.985. During the measurement, the sample was pushed to the end opening of the tube by a graphite rod which was actuated through a pneumatic cylinder. A linear pyrometer was used to monitor the brightness temperature of the sample surface through the measurement. The corresponding opto-converted voltage signal was fed and recorded by a digital multi-meter. A physical model was proposed to numerically evaluate the temperature drop along the process. Tube was discretized as several isothermal cylindrical rings, and the temperature profile of the tube was measurement. View factors between sample and rings were calculated and updated along the whole pushing process. The actual surface temperature of the sample at the end opening was obtained. Taking advantages of the above measured voltage profile and the calculated true temperature, spectral emissivity under this temperature point was calculated.
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The dynamic spectral properties of Continuous Wave (CW) semiconductor lasers during continuous wavelength current tuning process (i.e. slope efficiency, dynamic wavelength current tuning rate and dynamic linewidth) are of utmost significance to high resolution molecular spectroscopy and trace gas detection. In this paper, a system for measuring dynamic spectral properties was setup based on a short-delayed self-heterodyne interferometry with different Optical Path Difference (OPD). And the dynamic spectral properties of different Distributed Feedback (DFB) semiconductor lasers were tested respectively by the system combined with a special time-frequency analysis method. The dynamic slope efficiency unveils nonlinear optical intensity that can’t be neglected in dealing with Residual Amplitude Modulation (RAM). The dynamic wavelength current tuning rate can be used to calibrate laser wavelength. The dynamic linewidth of a laser can be used to evaluate the spectral resolution in gas detecting. The system was demonstrated to simultaneously measure the dynamic spectral properties of different types of tunable lasers with a wavelength range in 2 μm ~ 8 μm during the tuning process. These dynamic spectral properties were distinctly different with the properties while the laser operates at a stable state, which may lay a foundation for deep research and enrichment the highly-precise spectrum database in gas sensing fields.
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This paper introduces the overall schematic of space borne laser target indicator. The target is tracking by remote sensing imaging system and servo system, and pointing by laser emission system. The key parameters of remote sensing imaging system are optimal selected, including working distance, focal length, aperture, integration time and field view, then the system spectral, pulse width, peak power, beam divergence and direction accuracy of laser emission system are analyzed in this paper .We design a remote sense imaging system and a laser emission system, and the result shows that requirements are meet and may realize in reality. The overall design can realize the 500km orbital altitude with the space borne laser target indicator, which is required by laser pointing function for medium-sized ships.
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In order to enable the non-cooperative rendezvous, capture, and removal of large space debris, robust and fast tracking of the non-cooperative target is needed. This paper proposes an improved algorithm of real-time visual tracking for space non-cooperative target based on three-dimensional model, and it does not require any artificial markers. The non-cooperative target is assumed to be a 3D model known and constantly in the field of view of the camera mounted on the chaser. Space non-cooperative targets are regarded as less textured manmade objects, and the design documents of 3D model are available. Space appears to be black, so we can assume the object is in empty space and only the object is visible, and the background of the image is dark. Due to edge features offer a good invariance to illumination changes or image noise, our method relies on monocular vision and uses 3D-2D correspondences between the 3D model and its corresponding 2D edges in the image. The paper proposes to remove the sample points that are susceptible to false matches based on geometrical distance due to perspective projection of the 3D model. To allow a better robustness, we compare the local region similarity to get better matches between sample points and edge points. Our algorithm is proved to be efficient and shows improved accuracy without significant computational burden. The results show potential tracking performance with mean errors of < 3 degrees and < 1.5% of range.
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Moving small target detection in infrared image is a crucial technique of infrared search and tracking system. This paper present a novel small target detection technique based on frequency-domain saliency extraction and image sparse representation. First, we exploit the features of Fourier spectrum image and magnitude spectrum of Fourier transform to make a rough extract of saliency regions and use a threshold segmentation system to classify the regions which look salient from the background, which gives us a binary image as result. Second, a new patch-image model and over-complete dictionary were introduced to the detection system, then the infrared small target detection was converted into a problem solving and optimization process of patch-image information reconstruction based on sparse representation. More specifically, the test image and binary image can be decomposed into some image patches follow certain rules. We select the target potential area according to the binary patch-image which contains salient region information, then exploit the over-complete infrared small target dictionary to reconstruct the test image blocks which may contain targets. The coefficients of target image patch satisfy sparse features. Finally, for image sequence, Euclidean distance was used to reduce false alarm ratio and increase the detection accuracy of moving small targets in infrared images due to the target position correlation between frames.
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As camouflage equipment, camouflage net which covers or obstruct the enemy reconnaissance and attack, have the compatibility such as optics, infrared, radar wave band performance. To improve the adaptive between the camouflage net with background in infrared wavelengths, the heat shield and heat integration requirements on the surface of the camouflage net was analyzed. The condition that satisfied the heat shield was when the average thermal infrared transmittance was less than 25.38% on camouflage screen surface. Studies have shown that camouflage nets and the background field fused together when infrared radiation temperature difference control is within the scope of ± 4K . Experiment on temperature contrast was tested in situ background, thermal camouflage spots and camouflage net with sponge material, the infrared heat maps was recorded in the period of experiment through the thermal imager. Results showed that the thermal inertia of camouflage net was markedly lower than the background and the exposed signs were obvious. It was difficult to reach camouflage thermal infrared fusion requirements by relying on camouflage spot emissivity, but sponge which mix with polymer resin can reduce target significance in the context of mottled and realize the fusion effect.
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In this paper, a curvature filter and PDE based non-uniformity correction algorithm is proposed, the key point of this algorithm is the way to estimate FPN. We use anisotropic diffusion to smooth noise and Gaussian curvature filter to extract the details of original image. Then combine these two parts together by guided image filter and subtract the result from original image to get the crude approximation of FPN. After that, a Temporal Low Pass Filter (TLPF) is utilized to filter out random noise and get the accurate FPN. Finally, subtract the FPN from original image to achieve non-uniformity correction. The performance of this algorithm is tested with two infrared image sequences, and the experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a better non-uniformity correction performance.
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The target is moving and changing in infrared image sequences captured from the airborne platform infrared imaging system. To adaptively track the infrared target which changes from small target to surface target, an algorithm based on Second-Order Differential (SOD) and improved Template Matching (TM) tracking algorithm was proposed. The SOD filter makes full use of the brightness of the infrared dim and small target, the gradient and distance information of neighborhood pixels used for spatial domain filter. The TM makes full use of infrared brightness, ambient background and dimension information to complete the tracking. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can convert adaptively with infrared target’s size changing information, so tracking stability of infrared target under the ground clutter background is achieved. The tracking accuracy and tracking speed are also better than traditional algorithms. The proposed algorithm can be well applied to airborne platform warning on the ground.
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The drawback of temporal high-pass non-uniformity correction algorithm, ghosting and the image blurring, severely degrades the correction quality. In this paper, an improved non-uniformity correction algorithm based on shearlet transform is proposed. First, the proposed algorithm decomposes the original infrared image into one low frequency sub-band and a group of high frequency sub-bands by the shearlet transform. As a powerful mathematical tool, the decomposition of image by shearlet can reveal the detail of the image accurately. As the high frequency sub-bands contain the most of FPN, the FPN is estimated from the high frequency sub-bands by temporal high-pass. Then, the goal of non-uniformity correction can be achieved by subtracting the estimated FPN from the original high frequency sub-bands. At last, the corrected infrared image can be obtained by the inverse shearlet transform. The performance of the proposed algorithm is thoroughly studied with real infrared image sequences. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can reduce the non-uniformity with less ghosting artifacts but also overcome the problems of image blurring in static areas.
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Copper-plated and silver-plated cellulose nitrate flakes, which were prepared by using chemical plating technology, were used to jam infrared detector and millimeter-wave radar. It was tested for the conductivity and infrared jamming performance of plating and also the RCS (Radar Cross Section) performance of millimeter-wave radar. Test results showed that the prepared metal-plated cellulose nitrate flakes have obvious conductivity, and infrared total radiation energy of silver plating and copper plating had approximately increased 32% and 21% respectively. Through determination, the millimeter-wave reflecting property and RCS of silver-plated cellulose nitrate flakes were higher than that of copper-plated cellulose nitrate flakes. Therefore, silver-plated cellulose nitrate flakes can be used as an effective infrared / millimeter wave composite jamming material.
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Shift-invariant motion blur can be modeled as a convolution of the true latent image and the blur kernel with additive noise. Blind motion de-blurring estimates a sharp image from a motion blurred image without the knowledge of the blur kernel. This paper proposes an improved edge-specific motion de-blurring algorithm which proved to be fit for processing remote sensing images. We find that an inaccurate blur kernel is the main factor to the low-quality restored images. To improve image quality, we do the following contributions. For the robust kernel estimation, first, we adapt the multi-scale scheme to make sure that the edge map could be constructed accurately; second, an effective salient edge selection method based on RTV (Relative Total Variation) is used to extract salient structure from texture; third, an alternative iterative method is introduced to perform kernel optimization, in this step, we adopt l1 and l0 norm as the priors to remove noise and ensure the continuity of blur kernel. For the final latent image reconstruction, an improved adaptive deconvolution algorithm based on TV-l2 model is used to recover the latent image; we control the regularization weight adaptively in different region according to the image local characteristics in order to preserve tiny details and eliminate noise and ringing artifacts. Some synthetic remote sensing images are used to test the proposed algorithm, and results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm obtains accurate blur kernel and achieves better de-blurring results.
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The recent progresses of our research in InxAl1-xSb infrared detector based on molecular beam epitaxy are presented. Al composition with 0-0.3 is used for adjusting energy gaps of InSb and a p-i-n structure is utilized to decrease dark current. InxAl1-xSb ternary alloys are grown by molecular beam epitaxy on InSb substrates, and the material quality is characterized using high resolution x-ray diffraction. In order to exploit this epitaxial material we have developed new mesa and passivation technology based on matured InSb fabrication process. The InAlSb diodes has a cut-off wavelength of around 4.8μm. The reverse bias dark current of InAlSb diodes have been measured. The dark current of the pin InAlSb diode is seen to smaller that of the bulk p+n InSb diodes by 4-5 times in 77K.
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The quantum efficiency characteristics of InP/In0.53Ga0.47As/InP photocathode which is one of the field-assisted negative electron affinity photocathodes with III-V compound semiconductor and works at transmission mode with a wide1 spectral response range from 1.0-1.7 μm were studied in this paper. Under certain field-assisted bias voltage, internal quantum efficiency at different wavelength versus structure parameters and doping concentration of the photocathode was simulated by the APSYS program. Results show that: First, internal quantum efficiency of the photocathode rises with the increasing of the field-assisted bias voltage. Second, the internal quantum efficiency gradually increases to a maximum at thickness=0.2um of P-InGaAs photo-absorbing layer and then reduces with the increasing of thickness. However, doping concentration of P-InGaAs photo-absorbing layer has little influence on it. Third, the internal quantum efficiency reduces with the increasing of thickness and doping concentration of P-InP photoelectron-emitting layer. The optimization results show that when the thickness of the photo-absorbing layer and the photoelectron-emitting layer are both 0.2 μm, and the doping concentration of the photo-absorbing layer and the photoelectron-emitting layer are about 1.5×1015 cm-3 and 1.0×1016 cm-3 respectively, under a certain field-assisted bias voltage, the line of the external quantum efficiency versus wavelength is ideal. Besides, the response time of photocathode can be reduced to less than 50 ps.
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For the optical guidance system flying at low altitude and high speed, the calculation of turbulent convection heat transfer over its dome is the key to designing this kind of aircraft. RANS equations-based turbulence models are of high computation efficiency and their calculation accuracy can satisfy the engineering requirement. But for the calculation of the flow in the shock layer of strong entropy and pressure disturbances existence, especially of aerodynamic heat, some parameters in the RANS energy equation are necessary to be modified. In this paper, we applied turbulence models on the calculation of the heat flux over the dome of sphere-cone body at zero attack. Based on Billig’s results, the shape and position of detached shock were extracted in flow field using multi-block structured grid. The thermal conductivity of the inflow was set to kinetic theory model with respect to temperature. When compared with Klein’s engineering formula at the stagnation point, we found that the results of turbulent models were larger. By analysis, we found that the main reason of larger values was the interference from entropy layer to boundary layer. Then thermal conductivity of inflow was assigned a fixed value as equivalent thermal conductivity in order to compensate the overestimate of the turbulent kinetic energy. Based on the SST model, numerical experiments showed that the value of equivalent thermal conductivity was only related with the Mach number. The proposed modification approach of equivalent thermal conductivity for inflow in this paper could also be applied to other turbulence models.
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All forms of diabetes increase the risk of long-term complications. Blood glucose monitoring is of great importance for controlling diabetes procedure, preventing the complications and improving the patient’s life quality. At present, the clinical blood glucose concentration measurement is invasive and could be replaced by noninvasive spectroscopy analytical techniques. The mid-infrared spectral region contains strong characteristic and well-defined absorption bands. Therefore, mid-infrared provides an opportunity for monitoring blood glucose invasively with only a few discrete bonds. Although the blood glucose concentration measurement using mid-infrared spectroscopy has a lot of advantages, the disadvantage is also obvious. The absorption in this infrared region is fundamental molecular group vibration. Absorption intensity is very strong, especially for biological molecules. In this paper, it figures out that the osmosis rate of glucose has a certain relationship with the blood glucose concentration. Therefore, blood glucose concentration could be measured indirectly by measuring the glucose exudate in epidermis layer. Human oral glucose tolerance tests were carried out to verify the correlation of glucose exudation in shallow layer of epidermis layer and blood glucose concentration. As it has been explained above, the mid-infrared spectral region contains well-defined absorption bands, the intensity of absorption peak around 1123 cm-1 was selected to measure the glucose and that around 1170 cm-1 was selected as reference. Ratio of absorption peak intensity was recorded for each set of measurement. The effect and importance of the cleaning the finger to be measured before spectrum measuring are discussed and also verified by experiment.
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High indium composition InxGa1-xAs/GaAs quantum wells (x˃0.4) in which the well width reached to 7 nm without relaxing were grown on (100) GaAs substrates by MBE. The good crystal quality and optical properties of the high strained InGaAs/GaAs QW were obtained by controlling quasi-2D growth model and optimizing the growth condition including the growth temperature, growth rate, and V/III BEP ratio. Photoluminescence (PL) showed that the cutoff wavelength was about 1.3μm at room temperature with narrow full width at half maximum below 30meV. Dilute nitrogen and high In composition InGaAsN/GaAs QW extended wavelength infrared photodetectors at 1.3 and 1.55 μm were also realized.
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Since the dome experiences the convective heat loading, thermal stress will be generated in the thickness direction. Thus, estimation of the thermal shock and analysis of the thermal shock resistance of the dome are the key to the design of the dome. In this paper, thermal shock resistance of CVD ZnS dome is analysed based on the flight condition of 6000m altitude and 3.0 Mach. We obtained the critical Reynolds number through a rockets pry experiment, which deduced that there exists a transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow at somewhere over the dome. We calculated the heat transfer coefficient over dome through heat transfer coefficient engineering formula of high-speed sphere with turbulent boundary layer near the stagnation point. The largest heat transfer coefficient is 2590W/(m2.K). Then, we calculated the transient thermal stress of dome by using the finite element method. Then we obtained the temperature and thermal stress distribution of different time through the direction of thickness. In order to obtain the mechanical properties of CVD ZnS at high temperatures, the 3-point bending method was used to test the flexure strength of CVD ZnS at different temperature. When compared the maximum thermal stress with flexure strength at different temperature, we find that the safety factors were not less than 1.75. The result implied that the dome has good safety margin under the proposed application condition. Through the above test and analysis, we can get the conclusion that the thermal shock resistance of the CVD ZnS dome satisfied the requirements of flight conditions.
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Low contrast and non-uniform illumination of infrared (IR) meibography images make the detection of meibomian glands challengeable. An improved Mask dodging algorithm is proposed. To overcome the shortage of low contrast using traditional Mask dodging method, a scale factor is used to enhance the image after subtracting background image from an original one. Meibomian glands are detected and the ratio of the meibomian gland area to the measurement area is calculated. The results show that the improved Mask algorithm has ideal dodging effect, which can eliminate non-uniform illumination and improve contrast of meibography images effectively.
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An infrared dim and small tracking is proposed based on an explicit image filter - guided filter. The guided filter utilizes the structure in the guidance image and performs as an edge-preserving smoothing operator. The superior performance depending on the guidance image is critical advantage for target tracking. First, the guided filter can help to preserve the detail of the valuable templates and make the inaccurate ones blurry so that the tracker can distinguish the target from numerous bad templates easily. Besides, the filter can recover the content of the small target being influenced according to the guidance image, helping to alleviate the drifting problem effectively. Finally, the candidate samples are utilized to train an effective Bayes classifier to generate a robust tracker, which is easy to be implemented. Experimental results demonstrate that the presented method can track the target effectively, compared with several classical methods. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms relative trackers in the accuracy and the robustness.
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The existence of non-uniformity is almost universal in the imaging process of the infrared system. By analyzing the mechanism of the non-uniformity, a temporal non-uniformity correction algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, the non-uniform image is filtered by the bilateral filter. Second, the filtered image is corrected using the moment match method. Finally, the corrected infrared images are acquired by iterating the moment matching image sequence in the time domain. Experiment shows that the proposed algorithm is superior to some existing methods both in experimental data and vision quality.
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As a promising candidate for the next generation of infrared detection and imaging, more and more studies are focused on the type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice recently. In this paper, we studied different passivation techniques and the dielectric film-semiconductor interface properties for InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors. We found that with Si3N4 passivation, the R0A of the superlattice detector decreased from 2.8×105Ωcm2 to 12Ωcm2 at 80K after a process of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 250°C for 60s. Excessive surface charge of 6.15×1012cm-2 was measured from a gate-controlled structure. Meanwhile, the SiO2 passivated devices can sustain its electrical performance after the RTA process.
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HgCdTe is one of the dominating materials for infrared detection. To pattern this material, our group has proven the feasibility of SiO2 as a hard mask in dry etching process. In recent years, the SiO2 mask patterned by plasma with an auto-stopping layer of ZnS sandwiched between HgCdTe and SiO2 has been developed by our group. In this article, we will report the optimization of SiO2 etching on HgCdTe. The etching of SiO2 is very mature nowadays. Multiple etching recipes with deferent gas mixtures can be used. We utilized a recipe containing Ar and CHF3. With strictly controlled photolithography, the high aspect-ratio profile of SiO2 was firstly achieved on GaAs substrate. However, the same recipe could not work well on MCT because of the low thermal conductivity of HgCdTe and CdTe, resulting in overheated and deteriorated photoresist. By decreasing the temperature, the photoresist maintained its good profile. A starting table temperature around -5°C worked well enough. And a steep profile was achieved as checked by the SEM. Further decreasing of temperature introduced profile with beveled corner. The process window of the temperature is around 10°C. Reproducibility and uniformity were also confirmed for this recipe.
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Object tracking is a core subject in computer vision and has significant meaning in both theory and practice. In this paper, we propose a novel tracking method, in which a robust discriminative classifier is built basing on both object and context information. In this method, we consider multiple frames of local invariant features on and around the object, and construct the object template and context template. To overcome the limitation of the invariant representations, we also design a non-parametric learning algorithm using transitive matching perspective transformation, which is called as LUPT (Learning Using Perspective Transformation). This learning algorithm can keep adding new object appearance into the object template and avoid improper updating when occlusions appear. In this paper, we also analyze the asymptotic stability of our method and prove its drift-free capability in long term tracking. Extensive experiments using challenging publicly available video sequences that cover most of the critical conditions in tracking demonstrate the enhanced strength and robustness of our method. Moreover, in comparison with several state-of -the-art tracking systems, our method shows superior performance in most of cases, especially in long time sequences.
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A RGB-D camera such as Microsoft Kinect can capture 3D depth data and color images simultaneously in real time. The main shortcoming is that the precision of the depth data is lower than other usual 3D scan systems. The color images with higher resolution can be used to compensate for such loss. In computer vision, shape from photometric stereo is used to capture shape from multiple images illuminated with different light sources. The details of the shape are represented by its local normal. In this paper, a controlled three light sources illumination system is designed to support Kinect sensor, and the normal maps are captured at 10HZ. An energy spline model is used to fuse the depth map and normal map, and results in a high quality shape. Some experiments are presented to verify the methods.
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With the development of information technology and artificial intelligence, speech synthesis plays a significant role in the fields of Human-Computer Interaction Techniques. However, the main problem of current speech synthesis techniques is lacking of naturalness and expressiveness so that it is not yet close to the standard of natural language. Another problem is that the human-computer interaction based on the speech synthesis is too monotonous to realize mechanism of user subjective drive. This thesis introduces the historical development of speech synthesis and summarizes the general process of this technique. It is pointed out that prosody generation module is an important part in the process of speech synthesis. On the basis of further research, using eye activity rules when reading to control and drive prosody generation was introduced as a new human-computer interaction method to enrich the synthetic form. In this article, the present situation of speech synthesis technology is reviewed in detail. Based on the premise of eye gaze data extraction, using eye movement signal in real-time driving, a speech synthesis method which can express the real speech rhythm of the speaker is proposed. That is, when reader is watching corpora with its eyes in silent reading, capture the reading information such as the eye gaze duration per prosodic unit, and establish a hierarchical prosodic pattern of duration model to determine the duration parameters of synthesized speech. At last, after the analysis, the feasibility of the above method is verified.
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ZnS and Ge are very normal optical thin film materials in Infrared wave. Studying the influence of different substrate baking temperature to refractive index and actual deposition rates is very important to promote optical thin film quality. In the same vacuum level, monitoring thickness and evaporation rate, we use hot evaporation to deposit ZnS thin film materials and use ion-assisted electron beam to deposit Ge thin film materials with different baking temperature. We measure the spectral transmittance with the spectrophotometer and calculate the actual deposition rates and the refractive index in different temperature. With the higher and higher temperature in a particular range, ZnS and Ge refractive index become higher and actual deposition rates become smaller. The refractive index of Ge film material change with baking temperature is more sensitive than ZnS. However, ZnS film actual deposition rates change with baking temperature is more sensitive than Ge.
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