As lasercom transitions from individual demonstrations to wide-spread deployment, diverging standards and proprietary implementations will impede interoperability between terminals from different suppliers. In this environment, there is an urgent need for a universal lasercom translator terminal capable of supporting multiple acquisition sequences and communication waveforms in order to connect disparate networks. Development of such a generalized terminal is a key goal of the DARPA Space-Based Adaptive Communication Node (Space-BACN) program. Pointing, Acquisition, and Tracking (PAT) are crucial aspects of interoperability, and multiple styles of PAT sequences have emerged. Even within a given category of beacon generation (e.g., synthesized, in-band, out-of-band), multiple parameters must be specified to define specific entry/exit criteria for each PAT stage, requiring detailed pre-coordination to ensure that terminals from different suppliers can establish a link between them. In addition, extra hardware must be incorporated into the terminal design to accommodate a superset of PAT requirements. Finally, verification testing of multiple PAT sequences in a common testbed drives the testbed implementation requirements. Here, we examine the implications of attempting to accommodate a generalized PAT sequence with a single lasercom terminal. First, we consider the performance of different styles of PAT sequence, and the trades between pointing uncertainty, maximum acquisition range, and allowable scan time. Next, we consider potential hardware requirements for terminals that support multiple PAT sequences. Finally, we consider the testing of such a terminal, and present a testbed architecture intended to accommodate multiple PAT sequences by highly flexible emulation of the remote terminal PAT behavior.
Interleaving is a well-known technique utilizing temporal diversity to mitigate burst errors in a communications link. Interleaving provides robustness at the physical layer of the network stack, at the expense of an increase in latency. An important parameter used in characterizing interleaver performance is the temporal diversity L, defined as the number of statistically independent fade events experienced by an individual codeword. This temporal diversity L characterizes the interleaver’s ability to whiten a channel so that forward error correction codes designed to mitigate additive white Gaussian noise function effectively. For large values of L, the interleaver is effectively “infinite”, and deeper interleaving produces no additional benefit. As L is decreased, the power penalty grows, and increasingly more average power must be transmitted to ensure error-free decoding at the receiver. Here we investigate interleaver performance in the regime where L is decreasing and the interleaver is not effectively infinite. Our goals are to (1) determine the regime where the interleaver is no longer effectively infinite, and (2) characterize the power penalty as a function of L to understand how the performance degrades as L is reduced. A theoretical model is presented that allows us to investigate interleaver performance in the presence of weak, moderate, and strong turbulence (scintillation indices of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0, respectively). The model results show a gradual increase in penalty for reduced L for the weak-fading conditions. The moderate and strong fading conditions show similar dependence, with significant penalties over 3 dB developing as L drops below 100, and these penalties grow more rapidly when L drops below 10. We show close agreement to these models with experiments using a fiber-based, optical modem. This optical modem utilizes rate-1/2 coding together with a variable interleaver delay spanning three octaves. The optical data signal is transmitted through a fade emulator that applies the same fade profiles used in the theoretical model. This faded signal is sent to an optical-to-electrical receiver, and then into a digital electronics unit that processes the electrical signal to assess the coded communications performance.
This paper reports on a two-color acquisition beam with continuously variable divergence for free-space laser communication links. This approach is useful for terminals using wavelength-separated beacon and communi- cation signals amplified by a common high-power optical amplifier (HPOA). The acquisition beam features a controllable power-split ratio between the two waveforms that varies during the acquisition sequence. With this scheme, the area of the acquisition beam can be expanded by a factor of 100, while maintaining power levels of the two colors within a specified range on an acquisition sensor in a partner terminal. An optical transmitter produces beacon and communication waveforms from distinct master oscillators, and balances these signal levels during a multi-step transition sequence to achieve the desired relative power levels at each wavelength. An HPOA then boosts this transmitter signal to power levels necessary to overcome link losses. The HPOA and transmitter adjust power levels during the sequence to maintain beacon and communication irradiances within specified ranges. A divergence setting assembly (DSA) simultaneously adjusts the beam width from a 10x broadened beacon to a narrow, diffraction-limited beam. We demonstrate control of the on-axis beacon power to within a 10-dB dynamic range while the beacon area varies by a factor of approximately 20 dB. This paper describes the hardware and software control of the various units used to perform acquisition.
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