We present the design and feasibility testing of a multimodal co-registered endoscope based on a dual-path optical system integrated with a scanning piezo. This endoscope incorporates three different imaging modalities. A large field-of-view (FOV) reflectance imaging system enables visualization of objects several millimeters in front of the endoscope, while optical coherence microscopy (OCM) and multiphoton microscopy (MPM) are employed in contact with tissue to further analyze suspicious areas. The optical system allows multiple different imaging modalities by employing a dual optical path. One path features a low numerical aperture (NA) and wide FOV to allow reflectance imaging of distant objects. The other path features a high NA and short working distance to allow microscopy techniques such as OCM and MPM. Images of test targets were obtained with each imaging modality to verify and characterize the imaging capabilities of the endoscope. The reflectance modality was demonstrated with a 561 nm laser to allow high contrast with blood vessels. It achieved a lateral resolution of 24.8 μm at 5 mm and a working distance from 5 to 30 mm. OCM was performed with a 1300 nm super-luminescent diode since this wavelength experiences low relative scattering to allow for deeper tissue imaging. Measured OCM lateral and axial resolution was 4.0 and 14.2 μm, respectively. MPM was performed with a custom 1400 nm femtosecond fiber laser, a wavelength suitable for exciting multiple exogenous, and some endogenous fluorophores, as well as providing information on tissue composition through harmonic generation processes. A 4.0 μm MPM lateral resolution was measured.
Recent discoveries suggest that ovarian cancer has its origins in the oviducts (Fallopian tubes) and may exist as intraepithelial carcinoma for up to 6 years. One route of access to the oviducts and ovaries is through the wall of the vagina. We have developed an approximately 3.8 mm diameter rigid salpingoscope for surveillance of high-risk women and early detection of ovarian cancer. The salpingoscope contains multiple advanced imaging modalities, as well as a channel for instillation of saline or dyes, and another channel for introduction of biopsy forceps. The single optical channel combines the modalities of multispectral fluorescence and reflectance wide-field imaging, multiphoton microscopy (MPM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Multiple modalities through a single channel are achieved by a novel lens system with dichroic coatings which create separate optical paths for visible wavelengths (low numerical aperture (NA) imaging) and near-infrared wavelengths (high NA imaging). A quartered piezoelectric tube actuator scans a dual-clad fiber with added mass to facilitate both relatively slow (OCT) and fast (wide field and MPM) scanning. Visible wavelength laser diodes are the source for wide field reflectance and fluorescence imaging, with remitted light collected through 12 high NA multimode fibers. A novel femtosecond laser with near-infrared output provides the source for OCT and MPM, with remitted light collected through the core and inner cladding of the dual-clad fiber, respectively. Detectors include high sensitivity photodiodes for wide field, a linear array with spectrometer for OCT, and photomultiplier tubes to collect twoand three-photon signals for MPM imaging.
Multimodal endoscopes are highly complex and difficult to miniaturize, thus packing multiple optical systems into them requires ingenuity, creativity and a special set of optical design and optomechanical skills. While multimodal and miniaturized endoscope systems are becoming a hot topic nowadays, few designs have been explained in enough detail for the scientific community to utilize this knowledge.
We present our approach to the design and manufacturing of an endoscopic prototype that encapsulates Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM), Multi Photon Microscopy (MPM), and White Light navigation. In order to successfully encapsulate all three optical modalities in the endoscope, two optical paths were enabled in the same optical elements through the use of dichroic surfaces. One of the optical paths had to be bent to allow high resolution microscopy. The optics within the endoscope are aligned by the custom distal ferrule and a lens stacking technique. Additionally, a compact piezo actuator tube is used to scan the field of view for all imaging modalities, while 3D printed parts have been designed to accommodate the endoscope’s specific needs.
To manufacture the prototype, custom 3D printed holders are used to facilitate the positioning, handling and cleaning of such small lenses and system parts. These holders were proven to be very beneficial and useful for the integration of the endoscope. While it is challenging to assemble such small endoscopes by hand, there are some techniques that can be used to facilitate the process, allowing encapsulation of multiple functionalities in the same optical system.
Complex endoscopes which utilize optics with less than 1.5 mm diameter have an elevated risk of failure. Therefore, to ensure functionality and minimize risk proper design, optomechanical analysis and modelling must be performed while taking into consideration current manufacturing capabilities. Our endoscope is designed to perform Optical Coherence and Multiphoton Microscopy (OCM and MPM) which are powerful endoscopic imaging techniques used to characterize tissue. Separately each imaging technique has limitations when used by itself; however, this design combines these two modalities into a single optical system to work in synergy achieving both high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis at the point of care. The optical design features two optical paths with different numerical apertures (NA) through a single lens system with a scanning optical fiber. The dual path is achieved using dichroic coatings embedded in a triplet that functions in a telescope like fashion. A high NA ~0.44 path is designed to perform OCM and MPM while a low NA ~.18 path is designed for the visible spectrum to allow navigation of the endoscope to areas of interest. We present the optical design of the endoscope, optomechanical considerations, manufacturability, stress and temperature effects. All these factors may be a source of problems in such small optics utilizing rare materials such as ZnS MS lenses. While very tight tolerances were the driving factor for the manufacturability of this system, temperature and stress must also be evaluated to obtain a better idea of the durability of the endoscope at the point of care. While it is challenging to evaluate the real performance of multimodality endoscopes, the models ensure that the system is designed for the expected imaging techniques, providing acceptable imaging across the entire field of view. Finally, we will give insight on what lessons were learned during the design, analysis, lens manufacturing, and assembling processes of the endoscope to provide a baseline of parameters to take into consideration when designing such complex small optical systems.
While Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM), Multiphoton Microscopy (MPM), and narrowband imaging are powerful imaging techniques that can be used to detect cancer, each imaging technique has limitations when used by itself. Combining them into an endoscope to work in synergy can help achieve high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis at the point of care. Such complex endoscopes have an elevated risk of failure, and performing proper modelling ensures functionality and minimizes risk. We present full 2D and 3D models of a multimodality optical micro-endoscope to provide real-time detection of carcinomas, called a salpingoscope. The models evaluate the endoscope illumination and light collection capabilities of various modalities. The design features two optical paths with different numerical apertures (NA) through a single lens system with a scanning optical fiber. The dual path is achieved using dichroic coatings embedded in a triplet. A high NA optical path is designed to perform OCM and MPM while a low NA optical path is designed for the visible spectrum to navigate the endoscope to areas of interest and narrowband imaging. Different tests such as the reflectance profile of homogeneous epithelial tissue were performed to adjust the models properly. Light collection models for the different modalities were created and tested for efficiency. While it is challenging to evaluate the efficiency of multimodality endoscopes, the models ensure that the system is design for the expected light collection levels to provide detectable signal to work for the intended imaging.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.