The Twin ANthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Observers (TANGO) mission will monitor and quantify greenhouse gas emissions at the level of individual facilities. A consortium consisting of ISISpace, TNO, SRON and KNMI are developing the TANGO mission for the ESA Scout program. ISISpace is the prime contractor and responsible for the spacecraft, SRON and KNMI are responsible for the atmospheric science, while TNO is developing the instruments. The TANGO space segment consists of two agile 16U CubeSat satellites flying closely in tandem, each equipped with an imaging spectrometer. TANGO Carbon measures the emission of CH₄ and CO₂ in the SWIR1 spectral band (1590-1675 nm at 0.45-nm spectral resolution), while TANGO Nitro measures the emission of NO₂ in the visible spectral range (405- 490 nm at 0.6-nm spectral resolution). Both instruments are reflective pushbroom spectrometers, made almost entirely from aluminum, and will cover a 30-km swath from a 500-km altitude with a spatial resolution of 300 m. The instruments share a similar architecture, using freeform mirrors to achieve high optical performance in a compact 8U envelope. In this paper, we will present the design and performance of the Carbon instrument, where a key engineering challenge is to achieve the desired spatial resolution and SNR from the limited instrument volume (8U). A tight integration of optical and mechanical design, coupled to detailed tolerance, alignment, straylight and STOP (structural thermal optical performance) analyses, allow us to reach that goal.
In this contribution we will present different methods for analyzing straylight measurements in spectrometer gratings. For this purpose two different but very common types of gratings are investigated: a binary high resolution littrow grating and a silicon-crystel echelle reflection grating. We will present several measurements and simulations on such gratings. The focus lies in particular on the difference between grating ghosts and homogeneous scattering background. It is worked out, that the homogenous background must be evaluated by the well-established concept of ”angle resolved scattering”. Though, it is advantegeous to use the concept of ”angle resolve efficiency” for ghost analysis. Further, a simulation method is presented that allows to calculate straylight in diffraction gratings. The method is applied for ghost and background analysis and it is shown that not only the particular type of disturbance but also the grating geometry itself affects the straylight level and distribution.
The detection and quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), is presently one of the main goals of remote sensing of atmospheric gasses on a global scale, for the strong impact these molecules have on climate change. Of particular urgency is the quantification of emissions from anthropogenic sources, a high-priority task addressed by the ESA Copernicus mission CO2M, which will provide global coverage detection of CO2 and CH4. The observation of CO2M, capable of quantifying emissions from the major sources, can be complemented by other observation systems addressing the smaller, and more numerous, sources. In this domain, static interferometers can offer several advantages. This paper reports on the main results of two activities completed within the ESA Future Missions activities in the Earth Observation Program, for the development of small instruments based on static interferometer designs, for the detection of CO2. The two studies, named Carbon-HIGS and Carbon-CGI, investigated two instruments operating in the SWIR and NIR bands, with a targeted precision of 2 ppm and an accuracy of 1 ppm for CO2 atmospheric concentration, covering a relatively small swath of 50 km at a spatial sampling better than 300 m. We summarize the general detection principles, the result of the design activities, and the estimated instrument performances. Both concepts are suitable candidates to work in conjunction with the Copernicus mission offering a zoom-mode observation, for quantification of medium-sized GHG sources and improved localization and understanding of anthropogenic emissions. Additional presentation content can be accessed on the supplemental content page.
The paper presents the results of the 2021 CarbonCGI project, specified by ESA Future Earth Observation department, dedicated to high-resolution observations of GHG (Greenhouse Gas) with CGI (Compact Gas Imager). CarbonCGI aims at detecting and characterizing faint anthropogenic emissions of Carbon dioxide and Methane gas, from low orbit satellite to complement and extend CO2M mission [1]. CGI are developed in an integrated team of scientists and engineers involved in the framework of CarbonCGI project, the IRT (Research and Technological Institute) NS3 (New Space Small Sensor) project and the scientific activities of the industrial chair TRACE [2]. Compact Gas Imagers developments cover the atmospheric transport inverse modelling (level 4), the radiative transfer modelling (level 2), the simulation of acquisition chain, data correction, registration and calibration, as well as detailed design of sensor and critical components (level 0-1).
The European Space Agency (ESA), in collaboration with the European Commission (EC) and EUMETSAT, is developing a space-borne observing system for quantification of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Forming part of the EC's Copernicus programme, the CO2 monitoring (CO2M) mission will be implemented as a constellation of identical satellites, to be operated over a period > 7 years and measuring CO2 concentration in terms of column-averaged mole fraction (denoted as XCO2). Each satellite will continuously image XCO2 along the satellite track on the sun-illuminated part of the orbit, with a swath width of >250 km. Observations will be provided at a spatial resolution < 2 x 2 km2 near the swath center, with high precision (<0.7 ppm) and accuracy (bias <0.5 ppm). To this end, the payload comprises a suite of instruments addressing the various aspects of the challenging observation requirements: A push-broom imaging spectrometer will perform co-located measurements of top-of-atmosphere radiances in the Near Infrared (NIR) and Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) at high to moderate spectral resolution (NIR: 747-773nm@0.1nm, SWIR-1: 1595-1675nm@0.3nm, SWIR-2: 1990-2095nm@0.35nm). These observations are complemented by measurements in the visible spectral range (405-490 nm@0.6nm), providing vertical column measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) that serve as a tracer to assist the detection of fossil-fuel emission plumes (e.g. from coal-fired power plants and cities). High quality retrievals of XCO2 will be ensured even over polluted industrial regions, thanks to co-located measurements of aerosols performed by a Multiple-Angle Polarimeter (MAP). Finally, measurements of a three-band Cloud Imager, co-registered with the CO2 observations, will provide the required cloud-flagging capacity at sub-sample level (<200m resolution).
The presentation will review the results of the Phase A/B1 instrument studies carried out in 2018-2019, including technology pre-development activities, and highlight the identified engineering challenges. The preliminary design of the CO2M mission’s instruments at the beginning of the implementation phase will be presented, along with an outlook on the development activities under the Phase B2CD programme.
We report on the design and fabrication of a reflection grating for hyperspectral applications operating in the range from 340 nm to 1040 nm wavelength. The blazed grating is based on an effective medium approach, where the desired functionality is realized using a binary surface relief structure. For each period, a gradient in size of the local grating features mimics an interface which adds a linear phase profile to the illuminating beam – thus introducing diffraction. The surface relief structure is composed of 2D structures - pillars with diameters from 200 nm to 350 nm to voids with diameters from 300nm to 120 nm. Overall, an entire number of ~50 such features are arranged to establish an overall unit cell of the grating over a length of 30 μm. By purposeful design of size, shape and arrangement of the sub-wavelength features such gratings offer novel opportunities in tailoring the spectral response, i.e. particular broadband efficiency or the enhancement of the efficiency in specific sub-domains of the spectrum. We will present measured performance results of a grating covering a circular area of 80mm in diameter manufactured on a 4inch-wafer. Finally, we will give an outlook on how such structures can be applied to curved surfaces and even ultra-broadband operation.
Sentinel-5 is an atmospheric monitoring mission within the European Copernicus programme, formerly GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security). Its main objective is trace-gas and aerosol optical depth measurements for air quality and climate monitoring and forecast with daily global coverage. Constituents of interest are O3, SO2, HCHO (formaldehyde), BrO, NO2, CHCHO (glyoxal), O2, CH4 (methane), and CO. Sentinel-5 will complement the Sentinel-4 GEO data over Europe. Both Sentinel-4 and -5 are intended to start operation in 2020.
The objective of this paper is to assess how variations of the chief ray angle of the illumination light incident on an EUV multilayer mask as well as the light bandwidth affect the performance of an AIMS EUV tool with respect to CD measurement and defect evaluation. To this end EUV images were simulated with an EUV lithography simulator developed by the Fraunhofer Institute IISB. The simulations were performed for a multilayer mask with a buried defect under an isolated line. The specifics of the AIMS EUV were taken into account by a superposition of aerial images obtained for different wavelengths. The presentation discusses the simulations and their results.
Multivariate quantitative analysis of FTIR-spectra requires that the spectral line shapes of sample spectrum and spectral reference, and hence, the respective instrumental line shape (ILS) functions, match as closely as possible. In open-path measurements, the ILS' generally differ because of the differences in the optical geometry of the setups, or in the case of synthetic reference spectra, because the ILS cannot exactly be determined from the measuring parameter. In particular, when using large field stop diameters the line shapes can deviate considerably. Therefore, a mathematical method to approximate the ILS based on a parametrical identification has been developed and integrated into an algorithm for quantitative multivariate analysis. This article gives an overview over the parametrical model of the ILS approximation and its integration in the spectral evaluation algorithm, and presents results of their application to transmission spectra of extractive and open-path exhaust gas measurements.
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