A reliable method for measurement of the nonlinear refractive index through application of multi wavelength phenomenon. Multi wavelength realisation based on Erbium doped fibre laser (EDFL) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A combination of 15 m high efficiency Erbium doped fibre (EDF) and a 20 m Photonic Crystal Fibre (PCF) as main catalyst to suppress the homogenous broadening of EDF and to obtain highly stability of multi wavelength through insertion of a set of fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) in the cavity. This PCF has zero dispersion of 1040 nm which mismatch from transmission window of 1550 nm. A reliable repeatability of multi wavelength based on multiple configuration of FBGs less than 0.2% obtained. This consistent results influence in determination of nonlinear refractive index by relation of four wave mixing (FWM).
Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) functioning as a demultiplexer is designed on SOI platform with rib waveguide
structure to be utilized in coarse wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (CWDM-PON) systems. Two
design approaches; conventional and tapered configuration of AWG was developed with channel spacing of 20 nm that
covers the standard transmission spectrum of CWDM ranging from 1311 nm to 1611 nm. The performance of insertion
loss for tapered configuration offered the lowest insertion loss of 0.77 dB but the adjacent crosstalk gave non-significant
relation for both designs. With average channel spacing of 20.4 nm, the nominal central wavelength of this design is
close to the standard CWDM wavelength grid over 484 nm free spectrum range (FSR).
A linear tapered double S-shaped arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) was designed as an alternative to a U-shaped AWG, and a complete transmission spectrum for 18 channels of coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM) was demonstrated. The silicon-on-insulator based AWG with a rib waveguide structure with a broad channel spacing of 20 nm was designed to serve as a multiplexer/demultiplexer. A beam propagation method modeling simulation under transverse electric mode polarization over a free spectrum range of 700 nm was used for the design process. The geometrical dimensions of the AWG rib structure were optimized to achieve the lowest reported insertion loss of 1.07 dB and adjacent crosstalk of −38.83 dB. The influence of different etching depths on the top Si layer of the AWG for a constant core width of 0.6 μm as well as birefringence effects were also investigated. A transmission spectrum response at the output port close to the standard CWDM wavelength grid range of 1271 to 1611 nm with an average channel spacing of 2485 GHz was obtained.
This paper proposes a measurement of nonlinear refractive index in the course of multi wavelength technique. We have generated a multi wavelengths formation by utilising a photonic crystal fibre (PCF) which mismatches zero dispersion wavelength from transmission wavelength at 1550 nm. We provide an experimental set-up in generating the multi wavelength phenomenon. A fibre ring laser configuration consists of erbium doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) set up and arrangement of FBGs is described. Encouraging results obtained from the set up proves the relations of signals generated through FBGs and new wavelengths. These findings shows, multi wavelengths able to present valuable inputs in determination of nonlinear refractive index parameter.
We demonstrated multiwavelengths formation by utilising a combination of fibre ring laser, three fbgs and 20 m of photonic crystal fibre (PCF) with zero dispersion wavelength at 1040 nm. Although it characteristics efficiently interacts in 1040nm range lasers in efficiency of non linear effects, we determined to exploit four wave mixing (FWM) effect in generating multiwavelength at C band transmission window. Prior, the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) spectrum was performed in order to identify its performance and suitable FBG. Two FBGs at the end of C band amplification and one fibre Bragg grating (FBG) at gain spectrum are selected. The FBGs assigned are FBG 1, 2 and 3 with its own specifications (1530.47 nm and reflectivity 89.9%), (1561.42 nm and reflectivity 91.6%) and (1563.95 nm and reflectivity 96.7%) respectively. Through FWM effect, new wavelengths generated successfully at gain spectrum range 1530nm to 1540nm. These findings show, multiwavelengths able to be generated even though the separation between signals which are not consistent at lengths and far among each other able to induce by sufficient energy level. The findings give a valuable impact and prospective relevance towards sensors and optical communications.
We report an implementation of a two-way, four-state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol (namely, the LM05 protocol) over a free space medium. A stable quantum bit error rate of 3.34% and maximum tolerable channel loss for secure key generation of 5.68 dB in the absence of a photon number splitting attack were recorded. The result strongly indicates the feasibility of a two-way QKD protocol implementation over a free space medium.
The transmission of both optical code division multiple-access (OCDMA) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) users on the same band is investigated. Code pulses of spectral amplitude coding (SAC)/optical code division multiple-access (CDMA) are overlaid onto a multichannel WDM system. Notch filters are utilized in order to suppress the WDM interference signals for detection of optical broadband CDMA signals. Modified quadratic congruence (MQC) codes are used as the signature codes for the SAC/OCDMA system. The proposed system is simulated and its performance in terms of both the bit-error rate and Q-factor are determined. In addition, eavesdropper probability of error-free code detection is evaluated. Our results are compared to traditional nonhybrid systems. It is concluded that the proposed hybrid scheme still achieves acceptable performance. In addition, it provides enhanced data confidentiality as compared to the scheme with SAC/OCDMA only. It is also shown that the performance of the proposed system is limited by the interference of the WDM signals. Furthermore, the simulation illustrates the tradeoff between the performance and confidentiality for authorized users.
In this work, we mainly focused on the luminescence properties of ZnS:Mn nanocrystals. Various samples of ZnS:Mn
have been characterized at different doping concentration, annealing temperature, spin speed and time. The present study
shows the application of spin speed, spin time, doping concentration and temperature affect the luminescent intensity
performance. Luminescent intensity becomes higher with the increasing film thickness. Spin speed and spin time are two
major concerns for coating film to a demanded thickness on the glass slide. Film thickness is the main reasons of the
increasing intensity with spin speed and time. Temperature dependent PL measurements provide thermally activated
energy transfer from other defects to Mn2+ ions. As the temperature increase, the carriers can be trapped at Mn sites,
enhancing the luminescence spectra. Meanwhile, the quenching process influenced the PL intensity with doping
concentration. This process occurs at high Mn concentration which the energy transfer from Mn ions to the other nearest
Mn atom is weak. Therefore, the luminescence of transition from 4T1 to 6A1 of ions becomes stronger. From this reason,
it is shown that luminescent intensity increased with higher doping concentration but decreased with higher annealing
temperature, spin speed and spin time during spin coating process.
A 1X2 POF splitter based on a Y-branch metal hollow POF coupler design has been developed. The device is composed
of three sections: an input POF waveguide, an intermediate hollow waveguide taper and output POF waveguides.
Simulation based on non-sequential ray tracings have been performed on the POF splitter. Low cost aluminum based
material has been used for the device substrate. Fabrication of the POF splitters are done by producing the device mold
insert using high speed CNC machining tool and short POF fibers at the input and output sections are inserted inside the
mold insert before the interfaces of the hollow waveguide taper. The POF splitter has an average insertion loss of 5.8 ±
0.2 dB, excess loss of 2.8 dB and coupling ratio of 1:1. A video-over POF system test-bed consisting of a POF video
transmitter and receiver has been constructed with a total transmission length of 10 m. The POF splitter has been tested
in the video-over POF system and shows no significant signal degradation.
The work presented here shows the effect of wavelength conversion experiment on Four Wave Mixing (FWM) by
utilising photonic crystal fibre(PCF). This configuration consists of dual pump and a few sets of Fiber Bragg Gratings
(FBGs). Selective conversion is also possible by adjusting on one of pump laser. However, phase matching conditions
plays vital roles in this experiment. This phenomenon is the major cause of FWM.
KEYWORDS: Receivers, Signal detection, Optical engineering, Signal processing, Eye, Fiber Bragg gratings, Signal to noise ratio, Electronic filtering, Photodetectors, Nanoelectronics
A successive interference cancellation scheme is applied to optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) systems with spectral amplitude coding (SAC). A detailed analysis of this system, with Hadamard codes used as signature sequences, is presented. The system can easily remove the effect of the strongest signal at each stage of the cancellation process. In addition, simulation of the prose system is performed in order to validate the theoretical results. The system shows a small bit error rate at a large number of active users compared to the SAC OCDMA system. Our results reveal that the proposed system is efficient in eliminating the effect of the multiple-user interference and in the enhancement of the overall performance.
We analyzed direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system using a successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme. Modified prime-sequence codes are utilized as signature sequences, and the performance measure studied in this paper takes into account the the effect of imperfect interference cancellation. The basic principle of the SIC scheme is to subtract the strongest received signals from the original signal one by one till all users have been detected and demodulated. In this analysis we have compared optical code-division multiple-access systems with and without the cancellation scheme, and it is shown that the SIC scheme with −20-dBm effective power can suppress multiple-access interference better than the system without cancellation.
KEYWORDS: Fiber to the x, Switching, Interfaces, Switches, Optical switching, Signal attenuation, Optical networks, Reliability, Network architectures, Signal detection
Massive deployment of FTTH fiber network causes protection to FTTH network a crucial need. Most FTTH
access networks are protected from failure by having redundant network equipments. These are not economical
approaches, as the redundant systems are not efficiently utilized by the network. In this paper, the authors propose a
protection method where redundant equipments are not required and protection is provided to end user through sharing
of bandwidth during the failure time. A protection control unit and an optical switch is employed connecting four Optical
Line Terminations (OLTs) with each one serving only 32 Optical Network Units (ONUs). Protection control unit collects
information of ONUs served by each OLT and when an OLT fails, it will instruct an active OLT to serve its original
ONUs together with the ONUs served by the failed OLT. It also provides information of ONUs served and inform the
involved 64 ONUs of their new timeslot allocation. Then, the signal is switched from failed OLT's line to the instructed
active OLT. The results show that through sharing of bandwidth, adequate protection is provided without redundant
equipment for more than one OLT failure.
KEYWORDS: Signal detection, Receivers, Signal to noise ratio, Code division multiplexing, Optical engineering, Photonics, Nanoelectronics, Interference (communication), Sensors, Binary data
Proposes one of the multiuser detection schemes, a new technique that has the potential to reduce interference or suppress multiple-access interference and, therefore, increase the capacity of optical code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems. It is a successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme known as a low-complexity multiuser detection method for direct sequence CDMA systems. A SIC scheme is analyzed using an optical orthogonal code, with a different power for each user, that takes into account the impact of imperfect interference cancellation.
A novel 3D modeling of a lateral PIN photodiode (LPP) is presented utilizing In0.53Ga0.47As as the absorbing layer. The LPP has profound advantages compared to the vertical PIN photodiode (VPD) mainly due to the ease of fabrication where diffusion or ion implantation can be used to form the p+ and n+ wells in the absorbing layer. The device has an interdigitated electrode structure to maximize optical absorption. At a wavelength of 1550 nm, optical power of 5 Wcm-2 and 5 V reverse bias voltage, the device achieved responsivity of 0.5 A/W. The -3dB frequency response of the device was at 14 GHz and it is able to cater for 10 Gbit/s optical communication networks.
In this paper, we propose a new technique in direct sequence code division multiple access system using on-off key and
modified prime sequence code, the scheme of this technique dubbed successive interference cancellation (SIC). The
basic principle of SIC scheme is to subtract the strongest received signals from the original signal one by one till all users
have been detected, and demodulated. In this analysis we take in account the possibilities of errors in previous
cancellation. It has been shown that the proposal IC scheme with
(-20dBm) effective power can suppress multiple-access
interference (MAI), and improve the system performance significantly.
The lateral PIN photodiode (LPP) can be fabricated with ease using standard CMOS techniques such as diffusion or ion
implantation to form the p+ and n+ wells in the absorbing layer. A novel diffusion-based three-dimensional LPP was
modeled utilizing In0.53Ga0.47As as the absorbing layer. Interdigitated electrode structures were used to obtain
responsivity of ~0.5-0.6 A/W and -3dB frequency of ~14-15 GHz at a wavelength of 1550 nm, bias voltage of 5V and
optical power of 10 Wcm-2. The modeled device is able to cater for 10 Gbit/s optical communication networks.
An enhanced code structure for spectral amplitude coding in optical code division multiple access systems based on double weight (DW) code families is proposed. Enhanced double weight (EDW) codes possess ideal cross-correlation properties such as maximum cross correlation of 1 and a weight that can be any odd number greater than 1. It has been observed through theoretical analysis and experimental simulation that EDW codes perform significantly better than Hadamard and modified frequency-hopping (MFH) codes. In this study, point-to-point transmission with three EDW-encoded channels was tested at the bit rate of 10 Gbit/s per channel.
A new code structure for spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access system based on Double Weight (DW) code families is proposed. The DW has a fixed weight of two. Enhancement Double Weight (EDW) possesses ideal cross-correlation properties and weight can be any odd number which is grater than one. It has been observed that theoretical analysis for EDW code is much better performance compared to Hadamard, and Modified Frequency Hopping (MFH) codes.
For 2 x 2 fused coupler, all power launched into first fiber is able to couple its whole power to second fiber after fusion. When fabricating monolithic fused coupler, degree of coupling (i.e. total power transfer from one fiber to another fiber) depends on all fibers put together in closed contact. For 3 x 3 coupler, the arrangements of fibers are normally equilateral triangle and linear array, each of which has its own advantages and applications. There are also other factors that determine the spectral characteristics of 3 x 3 fused coupler besides the arrangements of fibers. One of the factors is twist, specifically known as intertwined twist used in this work. In an equilateral triangle arrangement of fibers placed on a conventional Coupler Workstation, there is never total power transfer from the launched fiber to the non-launched fibers. The intertwined twist also modifies the equilateral triangle arrangement at fusion region and this causes more power to couple to one non-launched fiber then the other non-launched fiber. However, it is possible to get as close as 33 ± 3% splitting ratio among the three output ports by manipulating intertwined twist in the newly triangular arrangement of fibers.
The planar PIN Photodiode (PD) has profound advantages compared to the vertical surface/edge illuminated PIN PD. A two dimensional interdigitated silicon PIN PD with a 58 microns × 80 microns active area and finger width of 2 microns and finger spacing of 10 microns respectively was modeled and simulated in a novel approach using Silvaco ATHENA and ATLAS software. The device was illuminated from the surface and laterally and comparison analysis was performed. At a reverse bias of -10 V, the dark current was 1 ps. Photocurrent of 500 nA was obtained for a 5 Wcm-2 optical beam power for both the surface and lateral illumination at a -10 V reverse bias. The total quantum efficiency of the laterally illuminated PIN PD at a wavelength of 850 nm was 95% (responsivity=0.65 A/W) and 75% (responsivity=0.52 A/W) for the surface illuminated PIN PD respectively. The -3dB cutoff frequency of the surface illuminated device was at ~10 kHz and for the laterally illuminated PIN PD, the frequency was at ~0.1 MHz. Lateral illumination in an interdigitated Si planar PIN PD produces higher photocurrent contributing to higher quantum efficiency, responsivity and frequency response as compared to surface illumination.
A novel H-Space electrode is introduced as an alternative design to the interdigitated electrode of a p-i-n photodetector. H-Space electrode is considered to be capable of increasing both the quantum efficiencies and the responsitivity of the photodectors by means of a bridge structure. In order to analyze the effect of the design, the design was systematically simplified into a single cell by utilizing Matlab. Methods to identify the minuscule effects of a very short light pulse in the lateral PIN photodetector structure were carried out in microscopic proportion and this technique displays the incident light's erratic nature upon entering the photodetector. The Matlab software was used to collect drift current data based on individual drift changes of electrons arriving at the electrodes at a relation time period. An ideal range of 10μm was chosen as the size of the intrinsic region and a set of randomly generated incident photon with Gaussian characteristics were bombarded into the single cell structure. By limiting a low number of incoming photons per unit time with coherent waterfronts, at random locations between p and n electrodes, a set of very precise electron characteristic were obtained for a beam with a Gaussian spread of 5 micron . Data for generated current were analyzed based on individual drift changes of electrons with bulk mobilities arriving at the electrodes in a very short time period. We relate the data obtained from the H space electrode with those obtained from an interdigitated electrode.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.