The Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SuperBIT) was a diffraction limited 0.5m optical-to-near-UV telescope that was designed to study dark matter via cluster weak lensing. SuperBIT launched from Wanaka, New Zealand via NASA’s super-pressure balloon (SPB) technology on April 16, 2023 and remained in the stratosphere for 40 days. During the flight, SuperBIT obtained multi-band images for 30 science targets; data analysis to produce shear measurements for each target is ongoing. SuperBIT’s pointing system comprised three nested frames that stablized the entire telescope within 0.34 arcseconds rms, plus a back-end tip-tilt mirror that achieved focal plane image stability of 0.055 arcseconds rms during 300 second exposures. The power system reached full charge every day and never dropped below 30% at night. All components remained within their temperature limits, and actively controlled components remained within a standard deviation of ∼0.1K of their set point. In this paper we provide an overview of the flight trajectory behaviour and flight operations. The first two days of the flight were used for payload characterization and telescope alignment after which all night time was dedicated to science observations. Target scheduling was performed by an on-board “Autopilot” system which tracked available targets and prioritized completing targets over starting new targets. SuperBIT was the first balloon telescope to fly a Starlink dish to enable high-bandwidth communications with the payload. Prior to flight termination, two Data Retrieval System modules were deployed to provide a redundant data recovery method.
The Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SuperBIT) is a near-diffraction-limited 0.5m telescope that launched via NASA’s super-pressure balloon technology on April 16, 2023. SuperBIT achieved precise pointing control through the use of three nested frames in conjunction with an optical Fine Guidance System (FGS), resulting in an average image stability of 0.055” over 300-second exposures. The SuperBIT FGS includes a tip-tilt fast-steering mirror that corrects for jitter on a pair of focal plane star cameras. In this paper, we leverage the empirical data from SuperBIT’s successful 39-day stratospheric mission to inform the FGS design for the next-generation balloon-borne telescope. The Gigapixel Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (GigaBIT) is designed to be a 1.35m wide-field, high resolution imaging telescope, with specifications to extend the scale and capabilities beyond those of its predecessor SuperBIT. A description and analysis of the SuperBIT FGS will be presented along with methodologies for extrapolating this data to enhance GigaBIT’s FGS design and fine pointing control algorithm. We employ a systems engineering approach to outline and formalize the design constraints and specifications for GigaBIT’s FGS. GigaBIT, building on the SuperBIT legacy, is set to enhance high-resolution astronomical imaging, marking a significant advancement in the field of balloon-borne telescopes.
The Super Pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SuperBIT) is a diffraction limited 0.5m optical-to-near-UV telescope launched from New Zealand on NASA’s Super Pressure Balloon (SPB) on April 16, 2023 and flew for 45 nights. There were several communication links used during SuperBIT’s flight to communicate with the telescope from the ground, including Starlink, the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), Pilot, and Iridium. While Starlink bandwidth was suitable for TCP-based communications and downlinking, the other links were only capable of supporting UDP-based communications. We designed a file transfer algorithm that downlinked files while detecting missing packets in our downlink and requested them automatically, saving limited bandwidth. We also developed a similar mechanism to upload files as 200-byte commands to SuperBIT. In addition to the downlink and uplink programs, we also created an “autopilot” program to automate observations based on the location, time, and a prioritized list of targets. In this paper, we discuss the communication and observation challenges that were faced and strategies we used to overcome these challenges while operating SuperBIT.
H. T. Diehl, E. Neilsen, R. Gruendl, T. M. Abbott, S. Allam, O. Alvarez, J. Annis, E. Balbinot, S. Bhargava, K. Bechtol, G. Bernstein, R. Bhatawdekar, S. Bocquet, D. Brout, R. Capasso, R. Cawthon, C. Chang, E. Cook, C. Conselice, J. Cruz, C. D'Andrea, L. da Costa, R. Das, D. DePoy, A. Drlica-Wagner, A. Elliott, S. Everett, J. Frieman, A. Fausti Neto, A. Ferté, I. Friswell, K. Furnell, L. Gelman, D. Gerdes, M. S. Gill, D. Goldstein, D. Gruen, D. Gulledge, S. Hamilton, D. Hollowood, K. Honscheid, D. James, M. Johnson, M. W. Johnson, S. Kent, R. Kessler, G. Khullar, E. Kovacs, A. Kremin, R. Kron, N. Kuropatkin, J. Lasker, A. Lathrop, T. Li, M. Manera, M. March, J. Marshall, M. Medford, F. Menanteau, I. Mohammed, M. Monroy, B. Moraes, E. Morganson, J. Muir, M. Murphy, B. Nord, A. Pace, A. Palmese, Y. Park, F. Paz-Chinchón, M. E. Pereira, D. Petravick, A. Plazas, J. Poh, T. Prochaska, A. Romer, K. Reil, A. Roodman, M. Sako, M. Sauseda, D. Scolnic, L. Secco, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, N. Shipp, J. Smith, M Soares-Santos, B. Soergel, A. Stebbins, K. Story, K. Stringer, F. Tarsitano, B. Thomas, D. Tucker, K. Vivas, A. Walker, M.-Y. Wang, C. Weaverdyck, N. Weaverdyck, W. Wester, C. Wethers, R. Wilkenson, H.-Y Wu, B. Yanny, A. Zenteno, Y. Zhang
The Dark Energy Survey (DES) is an operating optical survey aimed at understanding the accelerating expansion of the universe using four complementary methods: weak gravitational lensing, galaxy cluster counts, baryon acoustic oscillations, and Type Ia supernovae. To perform the 5000 sq-degree wide field and 30 sq-degree supernova surveys, the DES Collaboration built the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), a 3 square-degree, 570-Megapixel CCD camera that was installed at the prime focus of the Blanco 4-meter telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO). DES has completed its third observing season out of a nominal five. This paper describes DES “Year 4” (Y4) and “Year 5” (Y5), the survey strategy, an outline of the survey operations procedures, the efficiency of operations and the causes of lost observing time. It provides details about the quality of these two-season's data, a summary of the overall status, and plans for the final survey season.
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