In traditional optical microscopy imaging system, the resolution of time mainly depends on the detector’s detection speed, usually in millisecond or microsecond magnitude. While the spatial resolution is limited by the optical diffraction limit, the lateral resolution of ordinary microscopies generally only reaches 200nm.Just as biological structure has a wide spatial scale, biological living processes also have a broad time scale. When observing biological subcellular organelles, resolution and the speed of life activities should be considered. For the dynamic process, it’s meaningless to simply improve the spatial resolution without correspondingly increasing the imaging speed which should be no less than the movement speed of the observed object.

Existing super-resolution or high-speed optical imaging is limited by the mutual constraints of spatial and time resolution, making it difficult to obtain both super-resolution and high-speed optical imaging. In order to break the constraints of this game and gain high-speed super-resolution images, the CS-SIM system combines SIM (structured illumination microscopy) and CSP (compressed sensing photography). Since they both are wide filed imaging and CSP is a passive receiving imaging technology, SIM and CSP have potential to combine closely and achieve super-resolution and highspeed imaging.

The data rate in a single-mode fiber is approaching the capacity limit given by the Shannon theory. Mode division multiplexing, such as few modes, orbital angular momentum, and cylindrical vector beam (CVB) multiplexing, has shown great potential to further increase data capacity in both free-space and fiber communication. We propose and demonstrate high-order CVB multiplexing communication in an air-core photonics crystal fiber (PCF). The simulation results show that the 19-cell air-core PCF supports transmission of CVB modes from ±1 to ±4 orders. In the experiment, ±1- to ±4-orders CVBs are transmitted in 8.25-m-long air-core PCF with the mode purities higher than 76.5%. We demonstrate four coaxial CVB channel communication by multiplexing the ±2- and ±3-orders CVB modes. Each CVB channel carries 10-Gbit/s on–off keying signals and the measured bit error rates satisfy the forward error correction threshold. CVB communications based on air-core PCF can be used in short-distance optical communication with high capacity and low optical latency.