Dr. Herman L. Marshall Profile

Dr. Herman L. Marshall

Principal Research Scientist at MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (69)

Proceedings Article | 27 August 2024 Presentation + Paper

Characterization of x-ray detectors in the MIT x-ray polarimetry beamline

Sarah N. Heine, Herman Marshall, Benjamin Schneider, Beverly LaMarr, Nithya Kothnur, Alan Garner

Proceedings Volume 13103, 1310316 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3020451

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cameras, Quantum efficiency, X-rays, CCD image sensors, Polarimetry, Optical filters, X-ray detectors, CMOS sensors

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2024 Poster

Current status of the REDSoX sounding rocket

Alan Garner, Herman Marshall, Sarah Trowbridge Heine, Sean McNeil, Norbert Schulz, Ralf Heilmann, Moritz Günther, Jill Juneau, Beverly LaMarr, Ace Metivier, Swati Ravi, Nithya Kothnur, Stephen Bongiorno, Eric Gullikson

Proceedings Volume 13093, 1309378 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3020172

Proceedings Article | 21 August 2024 Presentation + Paper

The imaging x-ray polarimetry explorer 2.5 years later

Paolo Soffitta, Luca Baldini, Wayne Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Stephen Bongiorno, Niccolò Bucciantini, Enrico Costa, Michal Dovčiak, Steven Ehlert, Philip Kaaret, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Luca Latronico, Frédéric Marin, Alan Marscher, Herman Marshall, Giorgio Matt, Fabio Muleri, Stephen O'Dell, Juri Poutanen, Brian Ramsey, Roger Romani, Patrick Slane, Allyn Tennant, Roberto Turolla, Martin Weisskopf, Iván Agudo, Lucio Angelo Antonelli, Matteo Bachetti, Stefano Bianchi, Raffaella Bonino, Alessandro Brez, Fiamma Capitanio, Simone Castellano, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Chien-Ting Chen, Stefano Ciprini, Massimo Cocchi, Eugene Churazov, Alessandra De Rosa, Ettore Del Monte, Laura Di Gesu, Niccolò Di Lalla, Alessandro Di Marco, Immacolata Donnarumma, Viktor Doroshenko, Teruaki Enoto, Yuri Evangelista, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Javier Garcia, Shuichi Gunji, Jeremy Heyl, Adam Ingram, Wataru Iwakiri, Svetlana Jorstad, Vladimir Karas, Vicky Kaspi, Fabian Kislat, Takao Kitaguchi, Henric Krawczynski, Fabio La Monaca, Ioannis Liodakis, Greg Madejski, Simone Maldera, Alberto Manfreda, Andrea Marinucci, Francesco Massaro, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Tsunefumi Mizuno, Michela Negro, Stephen Ng, Nicola Omodei, Chiara Oppedisano, Alessandro Papitto, George Pavlov, Matteo Perri, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Pierre-Olivier Petrucci, Maura Pilia, Andrea Possenti, Simnonetta Puccetti, John Rankin, Ajay Ratheesh, Olivier Roberts, Carmelo Sgrò, Gloria Spandre, Luigi Stella, Rashid Sunyaev, Douglas Swartz, Toru Tamagawa, Fabrizio Tavecchio, Roberto Taverna, Yuzuru Tawara, Nicholas Thomas, Francesco Tombesi, Alessio Trois, Sergey Tsygankov, Jacco Vink, Kinwah Wu, Fei Xie, Silvia Zane

Proceedings Volume 13093, 130932I (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3020418

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Polarization, Polarimetry, Lanthanum, X-ray astronomy, Universities, X-ray imaging, Calibration, Sensors, Pulsars

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2024 Presentation + Paper

The Arcus Probe Mission

Randall Smith, Jon Arenberg, Marshall Bautz, Ehud Behar, Dolon Bhattacharyya, Jay Bookbinder, Joel Bregman, Laura Brenneman, Nancy Brickhouse, G. Esra Bulbul, Vadim Burwitz, Joseph Bushman, Peter Cheimets, Elisa Costantini, Casey Deroo, Benjamin Donovan, Abraham Falcone, Brian Fleming, Adam Foster, Kevin France, Peter Friedrich, Luigi Gallo, Catherine Grant, H. Moritz Günther, Daryl Haggard, Ralf Heilmann, Sarah Heine, Butler Hine, David Huenemoerder, Jelle Kaastra, Igor Kreykenbohm, Sibasish Laha, Pamela Marcum, Herman Marshall, Randall McEntaffer, Missagh Mehdipour, Eric Miller, Jon Miller, Kirpal Nandra, Nicholas Nell, Michael Nowak, Frits Paerels, Katya Poppenhaeger, Andrew Ptak, Agata Rozanska, Jenna Samra, Jeremy Sanders, Mark Schattenburg, Norbert Schulz, Leroy Mark Sparr, Pasquale Temi, Todd Tripp, Lynne Valencic, Joern Wilms, Stephen Walker, David Wilson, Scott Wolk

Proceedings Volume 13093, 1309326 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3022452

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Ultraviolet radiation, Spectroscopy, Galactic astronomy, Stars, Physics, Data modeling, Absorption, Solar processes, Metals

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2023 Presentation + Paper

The Imaging x-ray polarimetry explorer (IXPE) at last!

Paolo Soffitta, Luca Baldini, Wayne Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Stephen Bongiorno, Niccolò Bucciantini, Enrico Costa, Michal Dovčiak, Steven Ehlert, Philip Kaaret, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Luca Latronico, Frédéric Marin, Alan Marscher, Herman Marshall, Giorgio Matt, Fabio Muleri, Stephen O'Dell, Juri Poutanen, Brian Ramsey, Roger Romani, Patrick Slane, Allyn Tennant, Roberto Turolla, Martin Weisskopf, Iván Agudo, Lucio Angelo Antonelli, Matteo Bachetti, Stefano Bianchi, Raffaella Bonino, Alessandro Brez, Fiamma Capitanio, Simone Castellano, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Chiel-Ting Chen, Stefano Ciprini, Alessandra De Rosa, Ettore Del Monte, Laura Di Gesu, Niccolò Di Lalla, Alessandro Di Marco, Immacolata Donnarumma, Victor Doroshenko, Teruaki Enoto, Yuri Evangelista, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Javier Garcia, Shuichi Gunji, Kiyoshi Hayashida, Jeremy Heyl, Wataru Iwakiri, Svetlana Jorstad, Vladimir Karas, Fabian Kislat, Takao Kitaguchi, Henric Krawczynski, Fabio La Monaca, Ioannis Liodakis, Simone Maldera, Alberto Manfreda, Andrea Marinucci, Francesco Massaro, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Tsunefumi Mizuno, Michela Negro, C.-Y. Ng, Nicola Omodei, Chiara Oppedisano, Alessandro Papitto, George Pavlov, Abel Lawrence Peirson, Matteo Perri, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Pierre-Olivier Petrucci, Maura Pilia, Andrea Possenti, Simonetta Puccetti, John Rankin, Ajay Ratheesh, Oliver Roberts, Carmelo Sgrò, Gloria Spandre, Douglas Swartz, Toru Tamagawa, Fabrizio Tavecchio, Roberto Taverna, Yuzuru Tawara, Nicholas Thomas, Francesco Tombesi, Alessio Trois, Sergey Tsygankov, Jacco Vink, Kinwah Wu, Fei Xie, Silvia Zane

Proceedings Volume 12678, 1267803 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2677296

KEYWORDS: Polarization, X-rays, Polarimetry, X-ray astronomy, Pulsars, X-ray imaging, Magnetism, Observational astronomy, Physics, X-ray detectors

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 2023 Presentation

Status of the rocket experiment demonstration of a soft x-ray polarimeter (REDSoX)

Herman Marshall, Sarah Heine, Alan Garner, Rebecca Masterson, Ralf Heilmann

Proceedings Volume 12678, 1267813 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2677873

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Rockets, Polarimetry, Polarization, Mirrors, Spectroscopy, Reflectors, Prototyping, Polarization gratings, Modulation

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

Arcus: exploring the formation and evolution of clusters, galaxies, and stars

Randall Smith, Marshall Bautz, Joel Bregman, Laura Brenneman, Nancy Brickhouse, Esra Bulbul, Vadim Burwitz, Joseph Bushman, Claude Canizares, Deepto Chakrabarty, Peter Cheimets, Elisa Costantini, Casey DeRoo, Abe Falcone, Adam Foster, Luigi Gallo, Catherine Grant, Hans Moritz Guenther, Ralf Heilmann, Sarah Heine, Butler Hine, David Huenemoerder, Steve Jara, Jelle Kaastra, Erin Kara, Ingo Kreykenbohm, Kristin Madsen, Herman Marshall, Michael McDonald, Randall McEntaffer, Jon Miller, Eric Miller, Richard Mushotzky, Kirpal Nandra, Michael Nowak, Fritis Paerels, Robert Petre, Katja Poppenhaeger, Andrew Ptak, Paul Reid, Karolyn Ronzano, Agata Rozanska, Jenna Samra, Jeremy Sanders, Mark Schattenburg, Jonathan Schonfeld, Norbert Schulz, Alan Smale, Pasquale Temi, Lynne Valencic, Stephen Walker, Joern Wilms, Scott Wolk

Proceedings Volume 12181, 1218121 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2628628

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Galactic astronomy, Absorption, Stars, Ionization, Spectroscopy, Galaxy groups and clusters, Diagnostics

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2022 Poster + Paper

The evolution of the ACIS contamination layer on the Chandra X-ray Observatory through 2022

Paul Plucinsky, Akos Bogdan, Herman Marshall

Proceedings Volume 12181, 121816X (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2630193

KEYWORDS: Contamination, Data modeling, Charge-coupled devices, Calibration, Neon, X-rays, Absorption, Solids, Sensors, Photons

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SPIE Journal Paper | 14 April 2022 Open Access

Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer: prelaunch

Martin Weisskopf, Paolo Soffitta, Luca Baldini, Brian Ramsey, Stephen O'Dell, Roger Romani, Giorgio Matt, William Deininger, Wayne Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Enrico Costa, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Luca Latronico, Herman Marshall, Fabio Muleri, Stephen Bongiorno, Allyn Tennant, Niccolo Bucciantini, Michal Dovciak, Frédéric Marin, Alan Marscher, Juri Poutanen, Pat Slane, Roberto Turolla, William Kalinowski, Alessandro Di Marco, Sergio Fabiani, Massimo Minuti, Fabio La Monaca, Michele Pinchera, John Rankin, Carmelo Sgrò, Alessio Trois, Fei Xie, Cheryl Alexander, D. Zachery Allen, Fabrizio Amici, Jason Andersen, Angelo Antonelli, Spencer Antoniak, Primo Attiná, Mattia Barbanera, Matteo Bachetti , Randy Baggett, Jeff Bladt, Alessandro Brez, Raffaella Bonino, Christopher Boree, Fabio Borotto, Shawn Breeding, Daniele Brienza, H. Kyle Bygott, Ciro Caporale, Claudia Cardelli, Rita Carpentiero, Simone Castellano, Marco Castronuovo, Luca Cavalli, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Marco Ceccanti, Mauro Centrone, Saverio Citraro, Fabio D'Amico, Elisa D'Alba, Laura Di Gesu, Ettore Del Monte, Kurtis Dietz, Niccolò Di Lalla, Giuseppe Di Persio, David Dolan, Immacolata Donnarumma, Yuri Evangelista, Kevin Ferrant, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, MacKenzie Ferrie, Joseph Footdale, Brent Forsyth, Michelle Foster, Benjamin Garelick, Shuichi Gunji, Eli Gurnee, Michael Head, Grant Hibbard, Samantha Johnson, Erik Kelly, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Carlo Lefevre, Shelley Le Roy, Pasqualino Loffredo, Paolo Lorenzi, Leonardo Lucchesi, Tyler Maddox, Guido Magazzu, Simone Maldera, Alberto Manfreda, Elio Mangraviti, Marco Marengo, Alessandra Marrocchesi, Francesco Massaro, David Mauger, Jeffery McCracken, Michael McEachen, Rondal Mize, Paolo Mereu, Scott Mitchell, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Alfredo Morbidini, Federico Mosti, Hikmat Nasimi, Barbara Negri, Michela Negro, Toan Nguyen, Isaac Nitschke, Alessio Nuti, Mitch Onizuka, Chiara Oppedisano, Leonardo Orsini, Darren Osborne, Richard Pacheco, Alessandro Paggi, Will Painter, Steven Pavelitz, Christina Pentz, Raffaele Piazzolla, Matteo Perri, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Colin Peterson, Maura Pilia, Alessandro Profeti, Simonetta Puccetti, Jaganathan Ranganathan, Ajay Ratheesh, Lee Reedy, Noah Root, Alda Rubini, Stephanie Ruswick, Javier Sanchez, Paolo Sarra, Francesco Santoli, Emanuele Scalise, Andrea Sciortino, Christopher Schroeder, Tim Seek, Kalie Sosdian, Gloria Spandre, Chet Speegle, Toru Tamagawa, Marcello Tardiola, Antonino Tobia, Nicholas Thomas, Robert Valerie, Marco Vimercati, Amy Walden, Bruce Weddendorf, Jeffrey Wedmore, David Welch, Davide Zanetti, Francesco Zanetti

JATIS, Vol. 8, Issue 02, 026002, (April 2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.8.2.026002

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Calibration, Polarimetry, X-ray imaging, Polarization, Modulation, Space operations, X-ray sources, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 24 August 2021 Presentation + Paper

The Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE): technical overview IV

Brian Ramsey, Primo Attina, Luca Baldini, Mattia Barbanera, Wayne Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Jeff Bladt, Stephen Bongiorno, Alessandro Brez, Simone Castellano, Rita Carpentiero, Marco Castronuovo, Luca Cavalli, Elisabetta Cavazutti, Fabio D'Amico, Saverio Citraro, Enrico Costa, William Deininger, Elisa D'Alba, Ettore Delmonte, Kurtis Dietz, Niccolo Di Lalla, Alessandro Di Marco, Giusseppe Di Persio, Immacolata Donnarumma, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Joseph Footdale, Michael Head, William Kalinowski, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Luca Latronico, Carlo Lefevre, Paolo Lorenzi, Leonardo Lucchesi, Simone Maldera, Alberto Manfreda, Elio Mangravati, Herman Marshall, Giorgio Matt, Massimo Minuti, Rondal Mize, Fabio Muleri, Hikmat Nasimi, Barbara Negri, Alessio Nuti, Stephen O'Dell, Leonardo Orsini, Darren Osborne, Christina Pentz, Maura Pilia, Matteo Perri, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Colin Peterson, Michele Pinchera, Simonetta Puccetti, John Rankin, Ajay Ratheesh, Roger Romani, Paolo Sarra, Francesco Santoli, Andrea Sciortino, Christopher Schroeder, Carmelo Sgro, Paolo Soffitta, Gloria Spandre, Allyn Tennant, Antonino Tobia, Nicholas Thomas, Alessio Trois, Marco Vimercati, Jeffery Wedmore, Martin Weisskopf, Fei Xie, Francesco Zanetti, Cheryl Alexander, D. Zachery Allen, Fabrizio Amici, Jason Andersen, Angelo Antonelli, Spencer Antoniak, Matteo Bachetti, Randy Baggett, Rafaella Bonino, Christopher Boree, Fabio Borotto, Shawn Breeding, Daniele Brienza, H. Kyle Byggott, Ciro Caporale, Claudia Cardelli, Marco Ceccanti, Mauro Centrone, David Dolan, Yuri Evangelista, Kevin Ferrant, MacKenzie Ferrie, Brent Forsyth, Michelle Foster, Benjamin Garelick, Shuichi Gunji, Eli Gurnee, Grant Hibbard, Samantha Johnson, Eric Kelly, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Fabio La Monaca, Shelley Le Roy, Pasqualino Lofredo, Tyler Maddox, Guido Magazzu, Marco Marengo, Alessandra Marrocchesi, Francesco Massaro, David Mauger, Jeffrey McCracken, Michael McEachen, Paolo Mereu, Scott Mitchell, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Alfredo Morbidini, Federico Mosti, Toan Nguyen, Michela Negro, Isaac Nitschke, Mitch Onizuka, Chiara Oppedisano, Richard Pacheco, Alessandro Paggi, Will Painter, Steven Pavelitz, Raffaele Piazzolla, Alessandro Profeti, Jaganathan Ranganathan, Lee Reedy, Noah Root, Alda Rubini, Stephanie Ruswick, Javier Sanchez, Emanuele Scalise, Tim Seek, Kalie Sosdian, Chet Speegle, Toru Tamagawa, Marcello Tardiola, Robert Valerie, Amy Walden, Bruce Weddendorf, David Welch

Proceedings Volume 11821, 118210M (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595302

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Space operations, Mirrors, X-rays, Observatories, Polarization, Polarimetry, X-ray imaging, X-ray sources

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Proceedings Article | 23 August 2021 Presentation + Paper

The Globe Orbiting Soft X-ray (GOSoX) polarimeter concept study

Herman Marshall, Sarah N. T. Heine, Rosemary Davidson, Alan Garner, Eric Gullikson, H. Moritz Günther, Christopher Leitz, Rebecca Masterson, Eric Miller, June Stenzel, William Zhang, Rozenn Boissay-Malaquin, Ilaria Caiazzo, Deepto Chakrabarty, Luigi Gallo, Ralf Heilmann, Jeremy Heyl, Erin Kara, Norbert Schulz

Proceedings Volume 11822, 118220O (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2596186

KEYWORDS: Space operations, X-rays, Charge-coupled devices, Polarimetry, Sensors, Mirrors, Polarization, Electronics, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 23 August 2021 Presentation + Paper

Manufacture and performance of blazed soft x-ray transmission gratings for Arcus and Lynx

Ralf Heilmann, Alexander Bruccoleri, Jungki Song, Bethany Levenson, Brian Smallshaw, Mallory Whalen, Alan Garner, Sarah Trowbridge Heine, Herman Marshall, Matthew Cook, James Gregory, Renee Lambert, Dmitri Shapiro, Douglas Young, Eric Gullikson, Tomoyuki Nonaka, Akimi Uchida, Manuel Quijada, Ed Hertz, Peter Cheimets, Randall Smith, Mark Schattenburg

Proceedings Volume 11822, 1182215 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594951

KEYWORDS: Diffraction gratings, Computed tomography, Semiconducting wafers, X-rays, Diffraction, Etching, Deep reactive ion etching, Photomasks, Optical alignment, X-ray diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 17 December 2020 Poster + Paper

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE): technical overview III

Paolo Soffitta, Primo Attinà, Luca Baldini, Mattia Barbanera, Wayne Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Jeff Bladt, Stephen Bongiorno, Alessandro Brez, Simone Castellano, Rita Carpentiero, Marco Castronuovo, Luca Cavalli, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Fabio D'Amico, Saverio Citraro, Enrico Costa, William Deininger, Elsa D'Alba, Ettore Del Monte, Kutis Diets, Niccolo' Di Lalla, Alessandro Di Marco, Giuseppe Di Persio, Immacolata Donnarumma, Ronald Elsner, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Larry Guy, William Kalinowski, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Luca Latronico, Carlo Lefevre, Paolo Lorenzi, Leonardo Lucchesi, Simone Maldera, Alberto Manfreda, Elio Mangraviti, Herman Marshall, James Masciarelli, Giorgio Matt, Massimo Minuti, Fabio Muleri, Hikmat Nasimi, Barbara Negri, Alessio Nuti, Leonardo Orsini, Darren Osborne, Maura Pilia, Matteo Perri, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Colin Peterson, Michele Pinchera, Simonetta Puccetti, Brian Ramsey, Ajay Ratheesh, Roger Romani, Paolo Sarra, Francesco Santoli, Andrea Sciortino, Carmelo Sgrò, Brian Smith, Gloria Spandre, Allyn Tennant, Antonino Tobia, Alessio Trois, Marco Vimercati, Jeffrey Wedmnore, Martin Weisskopf, Fei Xie, Francesco Zanetti, Cheryl Alexander, D. Zachery Allen, Fabrizio Amici, Lucio Angelo Antonelli, Spencer Antoniak, Matteo Bachetti, Raffaella Bonino, Fabio Borotto, Shawn Breeding, Daniele Brienza, H. Kyle Bygott, Claudia Cardelli, Marco Ceccanti, Mauro Centrone, Yuri Evangelista, MacKenzie Ferrie, Brent Forsyth, Michele Foster, Eli Gurnee, Grant Hibbard, Sandra Johnson, Erik Kelly, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Fabio La Monaca, Shelley Le Roy, Pasqualino Loffredo, Guido Magazzu', Marco Marengo, Alessandra Marrocchesi, Francesco Massaro, Alfredo Morbidini, Jeffrey McCracken, Michael McEachen, Paolo Mereu, Scott Mitchell, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Federico Mosti, Michela Nigro, Chiara Oppedisano, Richard Pacheco, Alessandro Paggi, Steven Pavelitz, Cristina Pentz, Raffaele Piazzolla, Brad Porter, Alessandro Profeti, Jaganathan Ranganathan, John Rankin, Noah Root, Alda Rubini, Stephanie Ruswick, Javier Sanchez, Emanuele Scalise, Sara Schindhelm, Chet Speegle, Toru Tamagawa, Marcello Tardiola, Amy Walden, Bruce Weddendorf, David Welch, Michael Head, Stuart Gray, Rondal Mize, Stephen O'Dell, Christopher Schroeder, Nicholas Thomas, Randy Bagget, David Dolan, Kevin Ferrant, Joseph Footdale, Benjamin Garelick, Samantha Johnson, Timothy Seek

Proceedings Volume 11444, 1144462 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2567001

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Presentation + Paper

CAT grating alignment and testing for soft x-ray polarimetry

Alan Garner, Herman Marshall, Sarah Trowbridge Heine, Ralf Heilmann, Jungki Song, Norbert Schulz, Beverly LaMarr, Mark Egan

Proceedings Volume 11444, 114445Z (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2561734

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, X-rays, Computed tomography, Optical alignment, Rockets, Monochromators, Prototyping, Crystals

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Presentation + Paper

Ray-tracing a small orbital mission for soft-x-ray polarimetry

Hans Moritz Günther, Herman Marshall, Alan Garner

Proceedings Volume 11444, 1144460 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562860

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, X-rays, Polarization, Mirrors, Rockets, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Paper

A revised model of the temporal behavior of the ACIS contamination layer on the Chandra X-ray Observatory

Paul Plucinsky, Akos Bogdan, Herman Marshall

Proceedings Volume 11444, 1144497 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2563034

KEYWORDS: Contamination, X-rays, Observatories, Charge-coupled devices, Calibration, Spectroscopy, Data modeling, Standards development, Imaging systems, Satellite imaging

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The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) was launched over 21 years ago and has been delivering spectacular science over the course of its mission. The Advanced CCD Imager Spectrometer (ACIS) is the prime instrument on the satellite, conducting over 90% of the observations. The CCDs operate at a temperature of -120°C and the optical blocking filter (OBF) in front of the CCDs is at a temperature of approximately −60°C. The surface of the OBF has accumulated a layer of contamination over the course of the mission, as it is the coldest surface exposed to the interior to the spacecraft. We have been characterizing the thickness, chemical composition, and spatial distribution of the contamination layer as a function of time over the mission. All three have exhibited significant changes with time. In this paper, we present a revision to the time dependence of the accumulation rate. In a previous paper, we described a model in which the accumulation rate started to decrease in 2017. We present new data which show that the accumulation rate has been roughly constant and linear from 2017 until the present. We show that the current calibration file underestimates the additional absorption of the contamination layer by using the standard model spectrum for the supernova remnant 1E 0102.2-7219 developed by the International Astronomical Consortium for High Energy Calibration (IACHEC) and spectral data from the the cluster of galaxies known as Abell 1795. We present a revised model that produces consistent line normalizations and fluxes in 0.5–1.0 and 1.0-2.0 keV bands for these two sources over the course of the mission. This revised model is expected to be released in December 2020 in the next release of the CXO The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) was launched over 21 years ago and has been delivering spectacular science over the course of its mission. The Advanced CCD Imager Spectrometer (ACIS) is the prime instrument on the satellite, conducting over 90% of the observations. The CCDs operate at a temperature of -120 C and the optical blocking filter (OBF) in front of the CCDs is at a temperature of approximately −60 C. The surface of the OBF has accumulated a layer of contamination over the course of the mission, as it is the coldest surface exposed to the interior to the spacecraft. We have been characterizing the thickness, chemical composition, and spatial distribution of the contamination layer as a function of time over the mission. All three have exhibited significant changes with time. In this paper, we present a revision to the time dependence of the accumulation rate. In a previous paper, we described a model in which the accumulation rate started to decrease in 2017. We present new data which show that the accumulation rate has been roughly constant and linear from 2017 until the present. We show that the current calibration file underestimates the additional absorption of the contamination layer by using the standard model spectrum for the supernova remnant 1E 0102.2-7219 developed by the International Astronomical Consortium for High Energy Calibration (IACHEC) and spectral data from the the cluster of galaxies known as Abell 1795. We present a revised model that produces consistent line normalizations and fluxes in 0.5–1.0 and 1.0-2.0 keV bands for these two sources over the course of the mission. This revised model is expected to be released in December 2020 in the next release of the CXO Calibration Databasealibration Database

Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Presentation + Paper

A small satellite version of a broad-band soft x-ray polarimeter

Herman Marshall, Sarah N. Heine, Alan Garner, Eric Gullikson, H. Moritz Günther, Christopher Leitz, Rebecca Masterson, Eric Miller, William Zhang, Rozenn Boissay Malaquin, Ilaria Caiazzo, Deepto Chakrabarty, Rosemary Davidson, Luigi Gallo, Ralf Heilmann, Jeremy Heyl, Erin Kara, Alan Marscher, Norbert Schulz

Proceedings Volume 11444, 114442Y (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562811

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, X-rays, Satellites, Polarization, Rockets, Optical design, Mirrors, X-ray detectors, Charge-coupled devices, CCD image sensors

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Presentation

A diffraction-limited Wolter nested-shell telescope concept with pico-radian resolution

Mark Schattenburg, Ralf Heilmann, Herman Marshall, Brandon Chalifoux, Erin Kara

Proceedings Volume 11444, 114441F (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562496

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, X-ray telescopes, X-ray technology, X-rays, Diffraction, Telescope design, Chromatic aberrations, Feature extraction, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Paper

The Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE): technical overview II

Stephen O'Dell, Primo Attinà, Luca Baldini, Mattia Barbanera, Wayne Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Jeff Bladt, Stephen Bongiorno, Alessandro Brez, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Saverio Citraro, Enrico Costa, William Deininger, Ettore Del Monte, Kurtis Dietz, Niccolò Di Lalla, Immacolata Donnarumma, Ronald Elsner, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Larry Guy, William Kalinowski, Victoria Kaspi, Anthony Kelley, Jeffrey Kolodziejczak, Luca Latronico, Carlo Lefevre, Leonardo Lucchesi, Alberto Manfreda, Herman Marshall, James Masciarelli, Giorgio Matt, Massimo Minuti, Fabio Muleri, Hikmat Nasimi, Alessio Nuti, Leonardo Orsini, Darren Osborne, Matteo Perri, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Colin Peterson, Michele Pinchera, Simonetta Puccetti, Brian Ramsey, Ajay Ratheesh, Roger Romani, Francesco Santoli, Andrea Sciortino, Carmelo Sgrò, Brian Smith, Gloria Spandre, Paolo Soffitta, Allyn Tennant, Antonino Tobia, Alessio Trois, Jeffrey Wedmore, Martin Weisskopf, Fei Xie, Francesco Zanetti, Cheryl Alexander, D. Zachery Allen, Fabrizio Amici, Spencer Antoniak, Raffaella Bonino, Fabio Borotto, Shawn Breeding, Daniele Brienza, H. Kyle Bygott, Ciro Caporale, Claudia Cardelli, Marco Ceccanti, Mauro Centrone, Giuseppe Di Persio, Yuri Evangelista, MacKenzie Ferrie, Joseph Footdale, Brent Forsyth, Michelle Foster, Shuichi Gunji, Eli Gurnee, Grant Hibbard, Sandra Johnson, Eric Kelly, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Fabio La Monaca, Shelley Le Roy, Pasqualino Loffredo, Guido Magazzu, Marco Marengo, Alessandra Marrocchesi, Francesco Massaro, Jeffery McCracken, Michael McEachen, Paolo Mereu, Scott Mitchell, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Alfredo Morbidini, Federico Mosti, Michela Negro, Chiara Oppedisano, Richard Pacheco, Alessandro Paggi, Steven Pavelitz, Christina Pentz, Raffaele Piazzola, Brad Porter, Alessandro Profeti, Jaganathan Ranganathan, John Rankin, Noah Root, Alda Rubini, Stephanie Ruswick, Javier Sanchez, Emanuele Scalise, Sarah Schindhelm, Chet Speegle, Toru Tamagawa, Marcello Tardiola, Amy Walden, Bruce Weddendorf, David Welch

Proceedings Volume 11118, 111180V (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530646

KEYWORDS: X-ray astronomy, X-ray imaging, X-rays, Polarimetry, Space operations, Polarization, Data communications, Astrophysics, Observatories, X-ray telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation

Soft x-ray polarimetry with the REDSoX Polarimeter and beyond (Conference Presentation)

Herman Marshall, Alan Garner, Sarah Heine, Norbert Schulz, Ralf Heilmann, Brian Ramsey, David Windt

Proceedings Volume 11118, 111180A (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2529546

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, X-rays, Rockets, Polarization, Mirrors, Reflectors, Spectroscopy, Modulation, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Paper

Component testing for x-ray spectroscopy and polarimetry

Alan Garner, Herman Marshall, Sarah Trowbridge Heine, Ralf Heilmann, Jungki Song, Norbert Schulz, Beverly LaMarr, Mark Egan

Proceedings Volume 11118, 1111811 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2529607

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Polarimetry, Spectroscopy, Rockets, Optical design, Monochromators, Polarization

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

Arcus: the soft x-ray grating explorer

Randall Smith, Margaret Abraham, Grace Baird, Marshall Bautz, Jay Bookbinder, Joel Bregman, Laura Brenneman, Nancy Brickhouse, David Burrows, Vadim Burwitz, Joseph Bushman, Claude Canizares, Deepto Chakrabarty, Peter Cheimets, Elisa Costantini, Simon Dawson, Casey DeRoo, Abraham Falcone, Adam Foster, Luigi Gallo, Catherine Grant, H. Moritz Günther, Ralf Heilmann, Butler Hine, David Huenemoerder, Steve Jara, Jelle Kaastra, Ingo Kreykenbohm, Kristin Madsen, Michael McDonald, Michael McEachen, Randall McEntaffer, Herman Marshall, Eric Miller, Jon Miller, Elisabeth Morse, Richard Mushotzky, Kirpal Nandra, Michael Nowak, Frits Paerels, Robert Petre, Katja Poppenhaeger, Andrew Ptak, Paul Reid, Karolyn Ronzano, Jeremy Sanders, Mark Schattenburg, Jonathan Schonfeld, Norbert Schulz, Alan Smale, Pasquale Temi, Lynne Valencic, Stephen Walker, Richard Willingale, Joern Wilms, Scott Wolk

Proceedings Volume 11118, 111180W (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2529499

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Space operations, Spectroscopy, Charge-coupled devices, Galactic astronomy, Sensors, Point spread functions, Spectral resolution, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2018 Presentation + Paper

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE): technical overview

Stephen O'Dell, Luca Baldini, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Enrico Costa, Ronald Elsner, Victoria Kaspi, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Luca Latronico, Herman Marshall, Giorgio Matt, Fabio Mulieri, Brian Ramsey, Roger Romani, Paolo Soffitta, Allyn Tennant, Martin Weisskopf, D. Zachary Allen, Fabrizio Amici, Spencer Antoniak, Primo Attina, Matteo Bachetti, Mattia Barbanera, Wayne Baumgartner, Jeff Bladt, Stephen Bongiorno, Fabio Borotto, Thomas Brooks, Scott Bussinger, H. Kyle Bygott, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Marco Ceccanti, Saverio Citraro, William Deininger, Ettore Del Monte, Kurtis Dietz, Niccolò Di Lalla, Giuseppe Di Persio, Immacolata Donnarumma, Jennifer Erickson, Yuri Evangelista, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Michele Foster, Manuela Giusti, Shuichi Gunji, Larry Guy, Sandra Johnson, William Kalinowski, Anthony Kelley, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Carlo Lefevre, Simone Maldera, Alberto Manfreda, Marco Marengo, James Masciarelli, Mike McEachen, Paolo Mereu, Massimo Minuti, Mark Mitchell, Scott Mitchell, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Alfredo Morbidini, Federico Mosti, Hikmat Nasimi, Barbara Negri, Leonardo Orsini, Darren Osborne, Steven Pavelitz, Christina Pentz, Matteo Perri, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Colin Peterson, Raffaele Piazzolla, Stefano Pieraccini, Maura Pilia, Michele Pinchera, Simonetta Puccetti, Jaganathan Ranganathan, Tim Read, Alda Rubini, Francesco Santoli, Paolo Sarra, Sarah Schindhelm, Andrea Sciortino, Chris Seckar, Carmelo Sgrò, Brian Smith, Chet Speegle, Toru Tamagawa, Marcello Tardiola, Antonino Tobia, Alessia Tortosa, Alessio Trois, Bruce Weddendorf, Jeff Wedmore, Davide Zanetti

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106991X (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314146

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Calibration, Space operations, X-ray telescopes, Polarization, Telescopes, Observatories, X-ray detectors, Polarimetry

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Concordance: In-flight calibration of x-ray telescopes without absolute references (Conference Presentation)

Herman Marshall, Vinay Kashyap, Matteo Guainazzi, Yang Chen, Xufei Wang, Xiao-Li Meng, Jeremy Drake

Proceedings Volume 10704, 107040G (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314218

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, Calibration, Statistical methods, Statistical analysis, Observatories, X-ray astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 6 July 2018 Paper

The complicated evolution of the ACIS contamination layer over the mission life of the Chandra X-ray Observatory

Paul Plucinsky, Akos Bogdan, Herman Marshall, Neil Tice

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106996B (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312748

KEYWORDS: Contamination, Data modeling, Charge-coupled devices, Calibration, X-rays, Absorption, Space operations, Observatories, Optical filters, Sensors

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The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) was launched almost 19 years ago and has been delivering spectacular science over the course of its mission. The Advanced CCD Imager Spectrometer (ACIS) is the prime instrument on the satellite, conducting over 90% of the observations. The CCDs operate at a temperature of -120°C and the optical blocking filter (OBF) in front of the CCDs is at a temperature of approximately −60°C. The surface of the OBF has accumulated a layer of contamination over the course of the mission, as it is the coldest surface exposed to the interior to the spacecraft. We have been characterizing the thickness, chemical composition, and spatial distribution of the contamination layer as a function of time over the mission. All three have exhibited significant changes with time. There has been a dramatic decrease in the accumulation rate of the contaminant starting in 2017. The lower accumulation rate may be due to a decrease in the deposition rate or an increase in the vaporization rate or a combination of the two. We show that the current calibration file which models the additional absorption of the contamination layer is significantly overestimating that additional absorption by using the standard model spectrum for the supernova remnant 1E 0102.2-7219 developed by the International Astronomical Consortium for High Energy Calibration (IACHEC). In addition, spectral data from the cluster of galaxies known as Abell 1795 and the Blazar Markarian 421 are used to generate a model of the absorption produced by the contamination layer. The Chandra X-ray Center (CXC) calibration team is preparing a revised calibration file that more accurately represents the complex time dependence of the accumulation rate, the spatial dependence, and the chemical composition of the contaminant. Given the rapid changes in the contamination layer over the past year, future calibration observations at a higher cadence will be necessary to more accurately monitor such changes.

Proceedings Article | 6 July 2018 Paper

Blazed transmission grating technology development for the Arcus x-ray spectrometer explorer

Ralf Heilmann, Alexander Bruccoleri, Jungki Song, Casey DeRoo, Peter Cheimetz, Edward Hertz, Randall Smith, Vadim Burwitz, Gisela Hartner, Marlis-Madeleine La Caria, Carlo Pelliciari, Hans Guenther, Sarah N. Heine, Beverly LaMarr, Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Eric Gullikson, Mark Schattenburg

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106996D (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314180

KEYWORDS: Diffraction gratings, X-rays, Spectroscopy, Optical alignment, Diffraction, Optical design, Silicon, Charge-coupled devices, X-ray technology

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SPIE Journal Paper | 6 April 2018 Open Access

Design of a broadband soft x-ray polarimeter

Herman Marshall, Hans Moritz Günther, Ralf Heilmann, Norbert Schulz, Mark Egan, Tim Hellickson, Sarah Trowbridge Heine, David Windt, Eric Gullikson, Brian Ramsey, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Giovanni Pareschi

JATIS, Vol. 4, Issue 01, 011005, (April 2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.4.1.011005

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, X-rays, Sensors, Polarization, Optical design, Photons, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Charge-coupled devices, Spectroscopy

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SPIE Journal Paper | 4 October 2017

Multilayer mirror-based soft x-ray polarimeter for astronomical observations

Singam Panini, Parameswaran Sreekumar, Herman Marshall, Shyama Narendranath, Maheswar Nayak, P. Subramania Athiray

JATIS, Vol. 4, Issue 01, 011002, (October 2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.4.1.011002

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Mirrors, Solar concentrators, Polarization, Multilayers, Polarimetry, Reflectivity, X-ray astronomy, Modulation, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Paper

Modeling contamination migration on the Chandra X-ray Observatory IV

Stephen O'Dell, Douglas Swartz, Neil Tice, Paul Plucinsky, Herman Marshall, Akos Bogdan, Catherine Grant, Allyn Tennant, Matthew Dahmer

Proceedings Volume 10397, 103970C (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274818

KEYWORDS: Contamination, X-rays, Imaging spectroscopy, Observatories, Charge-coupled devices, X-ray imaging, X-ray astronomy, Modeling and simulation, Space operations, Geometrical optics

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Presentation + Paper

Laboratory progress in soft x-ray polarimetry

Sarah N. Heine, Herman Marshall, Ralf Heilmann, Norbert Schulz, Kyle Beeks, Francesco Drake, Derek Gaines, Skylar Levey, David Windt, Eric Gullikson

Proceedings Volume 10399, 1039916 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274205

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Polarimetry, Mirrors, Polarization, Rockets, Reflectors, Spectroscopy, Modulation, X-ray sources, Phase shift keying

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Paper

The rocket experiment demonstration of a soft x-ray polarimeter (REDSoX Polarimeter)

Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Sarah Trowbridge Heine, Ralf Heilmann, H. Moritz Günther, Mark Egan, Tim Hellickson, Mark Schattenburg, Deepto Chakrabarty, David Windt, Eric Gullikson, Brian Ramsey, Martin Weisskopf, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Giovanni Pareschi, Alan Marscher, Svetlana Jorstad

Proceedings Volume 10397, 103970K (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274107

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Polarimetry, Rockets, Mirrors, Polarization, Imaging spectroscopy, X-ray astronomy, Spectroscopy, Astronomy, Reflectors

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Paper

REDSoX: Monte-Carlo ray-tracing for a soft x-ray spectroscopy polarimeter

Hans Günther, Mark Egan, Ralf Heilmann, Sarah N. Heine, Tim Hellickson, Jason Frost, Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Adam Theriault-Shay

Proceedings Volume 10399, 1039917 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2273772

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, Mirrors, X-rays, Optical design, Polarization, Rockets, Monte Carlo methods

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2016 Paper

XIPE: the x-ray imaging polarimetry explorer

P. Soffitta, R. Bellazzini, E. Bozzo, V. Burwitz, A. Castro-Tirado, E. Costa, T. Courvoisier, H. Feng, S. Gburek, R. Goosmann, V. Karas, G. Matt, F. Muleri, K. Nandra, M. Pearce, J. Poutanen, V. Reglero, D. Sabau Maria, A. Santangelo, G. Tagliaferri, C. Tenzer, J. Vink, M. Weisskopf, S. Zane, I. Agudo, A. Antonelli, P. Attina, L. Baldini, A. Bykov, R. Carpentiero, E. Cavazzuti, E. Churazov, E. Del Monte, D. De Martino, I. Donnarumma, V. Doroshenko, Y. Evangelista, I. Ferreira, E. Gallo, N. Grosso, P. Kaaret, E. Kuulkers, J. Laranaga, L. Latronico, D. Lumb, J. Macian, J. Malzac, F. Marin, E. Massaro, M. Minuti, C. Mundell, J. U. Ness, T. Oosterbroek, S. Paltani, G. Pareschi, R. Perna, P.-O. Petrucci, H. B. Pinazo, M. Pinchera, J. P. Rodriguez, M. Roncadelli, A. Santovincenzo, S. Sazonov, C. Sgro, D. Spiga, J. Svoboda, C. Theobald, T. Theodorou, R. Turolla, E. Wilhelmi de Ona, B. Winter, A. M. Akbar, H. Allan, R. Aloisio, D. Altamirano, L. Amati, E. Amato, E. Angelakis, J. Arezu, J.-L. Atteia, M. Axelsson, M. Bachetti, L. Ballo, S. Balman, R. Bandiera, X. Barcons, S. Basso, A. Baykal, W. Becker, E. Behar, B. Beheshtipour, R. Belmont, E. Berger, F. Bernardini, S. Bianchi, G. Bisnovatyi-Kogan, P. Blasi, P. Blay, A. Bodaghee, M. Boer, M. Boettcher, S. Bogdanov, I. Bombaci, R. Bonino, J. Braga, W. Brandt, A. Brez, N. Bucciantini, L. Burderi, I. Caiazzo, R. Campana, S. Campana, F. Capitanio, M. Cappi, M. Cardillo, P. Casella, O. Catmabacak, B. Cenko, P. Cerda-Duran, C. Cerruti, S. Chaty, M. Chauvin, Y. Chen, J. Chenevez, M. Chernyakova, C. C. Cheung, D. Christodoulou, P. Connell, R. Corbet, F. Coti Zelati, S. Covino, W. Cui, G. Cusumano, A. D’Ai, F. D’Ammando, M. Dadina, Z. Dai, A. De Rosa, L. de Ruvo, N. Degenaar, M. Del Santo, L. Del Zanna, G. Dewangan, S. Di Cosimo, N. Di Lalla, G. Di Persio, T. Di Salvo, T. Dias, C. Done, M. Dovciak, G. Doyle, L. Ducci, R. Elsner, T. Enoto, J. Escada, P. Esposito, C. Eyles, S. Fabiani, M. Falanga, S. Falocco, Y. Fan, R. Fender, M. Feroci, C. Ferrigno, W. Forman, L. Foschini, C. Fragile, F. Fuerst, Y. Fujita, J. L. Gasent-Blesa, J. Gelfand, B. Gendre, G. Ghirlanda, G. Ghisellini, M. Giroletti, D. Goetz, E. Gogus, J.-L. Gomez, D. Gonzalez, R. Gonzalez-Riestra, E. Gotthelf, L. Gou, P. Grandi, V. Grinberg, F. Grise, C. Guidorzi, N. Gurlebeck, T. Guver, D. Haggard, M. Hardcastle, D. Hartmann, C. Haswell, A. Heger, M. Hernanz, J. Heyl, L. Ho, J. Hoormann, J. Horak, J. Huovelin, D. Huppenkothen, R. Iaria, C. Inam Sitki, A. Ingram, G. Israel, L. Izzo, M. Burgess, M. Jackson, L. Ji, J. Jiang, T. Johannsen, C. Jones, S. Jorstad, J. J. E. Kajava, M. Kalamkar, E. Kalemci, T. Kallman, A. Kamble, F. Kislat, M. Kiss, D. Klochkov, E. Koerding, M. Kolehmainen, K. Koljonen, S. Komossa, A. Kong, S. Korpela, M. Kowalinski, H. Krawczynski, I. Kreykenbohm, M. Kuss, D. Lai, M. Lan, J. Larsson, S. Laycock, D. Lazzati, D. Leahy, H. Li, J. Li, L.-X. Li, T. Li, Z. Li, M. Linares, M. Lister, H. Liu, G. Lodato, A. Lohfink, F. Longo, G. Luna, A. Lutovinov, S. Mahmoodifar, J. Maia, V. Mainieri, C. Maitra, D. Maitra, A. Majczyna, S. Maldera, D. Malyshev, A. Manfreda, A. Manousakis, R. Manuel, R. Margutti, A. Marinucci, S. Markoff, A. Marscher, H. Marshall, F. Massaro, M. McLaughlin, G. Medina-Tanco, M. Mehdipour, M. Middleton, R. Mignani, P. Mimica, T. Mineo, B. Mingo, G. Miniutti, S. M. Mirac, G. Morlino, A. Motlagh, S. Motta, A. Mushtukov, S. Nagataki, F. Nardini, J. Nattila, G. Navarro, B. Negri, Matteo Negro, S. Nenonen, V. Neustroev, F. Nicastro, A. Norton, A. Nucita, P. O’Brien, S. O’Dell, H. Odaka, B. Olmi, N. Omodei, M. Orienti, M. Orlandini, J. Osborne, L. Pacciani, V. Paliya, I. Papadakis, A. Papitto, Z. Paragi, P. Pascal, B. Paul, L. Pavan, A. Pellizzoni, E. Perinati, M. Pesce-Rollins, E. Piconcelli, A. Pili, M. Pilia, M. Pohl, G. Ponti, D. Porquet, A. Possenti, K. Postnov, I. Prandoni, N. Produit, G. Puehlhofer, B. Ramsey, M. Razzano, N. Rea, P. Reig, K. Reinsch, T. Reiprich, M. Reynolds, G. Risaliti, T. Roberts, J. Rodriguez, M. Rossi, S. Rosswog, A. Rozanska, A. Rubini, B. Rudak, D. Russell, F. Ryde, S. Sabatini, G. Sala, M. Salvati, M. Sasaki, T. Savolainen, R. Saxton, S. Scaringi, K. Schawinski, N. Schulz, A. Schwope, P. Severgnini, M. Sharon, A Shaw, A. Shearer, X. Shesheng, I. -C. Shih, K. Silva, R. Silva, E. Silver, A. Smale, F. Spada, G. Spandre, A. Stamerra, B. Stappers, S. Starrfield, L. Stawarz, N. Stergioulas, A. Stevens, H. Stiele, V. Suleimanov, R. Sunyaev, A. Slowikowska, F. Tamborra, F. Tavecchio, R. Taverna, A. Tiengo, L. Tolos, F. Tombesi, J. Tomsick, H. Tong, G. Torok, D. Torres, A. Tortosa, A. Tramacere, V. Trimble, G. Trinchieri, S. Tsygankov, M. Tuerler, S. Turriziani, F. Ursini, P. Uttley, P. Varniere, F. Vincent, E. Vurgun, C. Wang, Z. Wang, A. Watts, J. Wheeler, K. Wiersema, R. Wijnands, J. Wilms, A. Wolter, K. Wood, K. Wu, X. Wu, W. Xiangyu, F. Xie, R. Xu, S.-P. Yan, J. Yang, W. Yu, F. Yuan, A. Zajczyk, D. Zanetti, R. Zanin, C. Zanni, L. Zappacosta, A. Zdziarski, A. Zech, H. Zhang, S. Zhang, W. Zhang, A. Zoghbi

Proceedings Volume 9905, 990515 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2233046

KEYWORDS: Physics, Astronomy, Mirrors, Observatories, Modulation, Polarimetry, X-rays, Sensors, Polarization, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2016 Paper

Ray-tracing critical-angle transmission gratings for the X-ray Surveyor and Explorer-size missions

Hans M. Günther, Marshall Bautz, Ralf Heilmann, David Huenemoerder, Herman Marshall, Michael Nowak, Norbert Schulz

Proceedings Volume 9905, 990556 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232157

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Optical design, Computed tomography, Spectral resolution, Spectroscopy, Mirrors, Photons, Sensors, Tolerancing, Point spread functions

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2016 Paper

The evolution of the ACIS contamination layer over the 16-year mission of the Chandra X-ray Observatory

Paul Plucinsky, Akos Bogdan, Gregg Germain, Herman Marshall

Proceedings Volume 9905, 990544 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2233837

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Observatories, Contamination, Neon, Observatories, Charge-coupled devices, X-rays, Calibration, Absorption, Space operations, Data modeling, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2016 Paper

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)

Martin Weisskopf, Brian Ramsey, Stephen O'Dell, Allyn Tennant, Ronald Elsner, Paolo Soffitta, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Enrico Costa, Jeffrey Kolodziejczak, Victoria Kaspi, Fabio Muleri, Herman Marshall, Giorgio Matt, Roger Romani

Proceedings Volume 9905, 990517 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2235240

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Polarimetry, Polarization, X-ray imaging, Sensors, Magnetism, X-ray sources, Space telescopes, Mirrors, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2015 Paper

Modeling contamination migration on the Chandra X-ray Observatory: III

Stephen O'Dell, Douglas Swartz, Neil Tice, Paul Plucinsky, Catherine Grant, Herman Marshall, Alexey Vikhlinin, Allyn Tennant, Matthew Dahmer

Proceedings Volume 9601, 960107 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2188396

KEYWORDS: Contamination, Observatories, Thermal modeling, X-rays, Charge-coupled devices, Spectroscopy, Cameras, Telescopes, Collimators, Optical filters

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2015 Paper

The use of laterally graded multilayer mirrors for soft x-ray polarimetry

Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, David Windt, Eric Gullikson, Marshall Craft, Eric Blake, Connor Ross

Proceedings Volume 9603, 960319 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2188452

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, X-rays, Sensors, Mirrors, Polarization, Charge-coupled devices, CCD image sensors, Optical design, Rockets, X-ray sources

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

The use of laterally graded multilayer mirrors for soft X-ray polarimetry

Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, David Windt, Eric Gullikson, Eric Blake, Dan Getty, Zane McInturff

Proceedings Volume 9144, 91441K (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2057003

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Polarimetry, Sensors, Polarization, X-ray sources, Charge-coupled devices, Multilayers, CCD image sensors, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 2013 Paper

Modeling contamination migration on the Chandra X-ray Observatory II

Stephen O'Dell, Douglas Swartz, Neil Tice, Paul Plucinsky, Catherine Grant, Herman Marshall, Alexey Vikhlinin, Allyn Tennant

Proceedings Volume 8859, 88590F (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2024541

KEYWORDS: Contamination, Thermal modeling, Charge-coupled devices, Absorption, X-rays, Spectroscopy, Cameras, Sensors, Observatories, Optical filters

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Progress toward a soft x-ray polarimeter

Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Brian Remlinger, Eric Gentry, David Windt, Eric Gullikson

Proceedings Volume 8861, 88611D (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2025727

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Sensors, Charge-coupled devices, Polarimetry, Polarization, X-ray sources, CCD image sensors, Multilayers, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2012 Paper

Raytracing with MARX: x-ray observatory design, calibration, and support

John Davis, Marshall Bautz, Daniel Dewey, Ralf Heilmann, John Houck, David Huenemoerder, Herman Marshall, Michael Nowak, Mark Schattenburg, Norbert Schulz, Randall Smith

Proceedings Volume 8443, 84431A (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.926937

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Spectrometers, Point spread functions, Observatories, Sensors, Calibration, Diffraction gratings, Photons, Charge-coupled devices

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2012 Paper

Updating the Chandra HETGS efficiencies using in-orbit observations

Herman Marshall

Proceedings Volume 8443, 844348 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.927209

KEYWORDS: Magnetoencephalography, Quantum efficiency, Sensors, Calibration, Data modeling, Spectroscopy, Charge-coupled devices, X-rays, Spectral calibration, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 30 July 2010 Paper

Broadband soft x-ray polarimetry

Herman Marshall, Ralf Heilmann, Norbert Schulz, Kendrah Murphy

Proceedings Volume 7732, 77320F (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857443

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Polarization, Polarimetry, Magnetism, Stars, Mirrors, Spectroscopy, Multilayers, X-ray optics, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 30 July 2010 Paper

Critical-angle transmission grating spectrometer for high-resolution soft x-ray spectroscopy on the International X-ray Observatory

Ralf Heilmann, John Davis, Daniel Dewey, Mark Bautz, Rick Foster, Alex Bruccoleri, Pran Mukherjee, David Robinson, David Huenemoerder, Herman Marshall, Mark Schattenburg, Norbert Schulz, L. Jay Guo, Alex Kaplan, Russell Schweikart

Proceedings Volume 7732, 77321J (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.856482

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Computed tomography, Telescopes, Point spread functions, Spectral resolution, Optical design, Diffraction gratings, Silicon

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 2010 Paper

Soft x-ray polarimeter laboratory tests

Kendrah Murphy, Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Kevin Jenks, Sophie Sommer, Eric Marshall

Proceedings Volume 7732, 77322Y (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857574

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Mirrors, Polarization, Charge-coupled devices, Sensors, X-ray sources, Polarimetry, CCD image sensors, X-ray detectors, Magnetism

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2009 Paper

Development of a critical-angle transmission grating spectrometer for the International X-Ray Observatory

Ralf Heilmann, Minseung Ahn, Marshall Bautz, Richard Foster, David Huenemoerder, Herman Marshall, Pran Mukherjee, Mark Schattenburg, Norbert Schulz, Matthew Smith

Proceedings Volume 7437, 74370G (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.825394

KEYWORDS: Computed tomography, Diffraction gratings, X-rays, Diffraction, Spectroscopy, Telescopes, Silicon, Charge-coupled devices, Etching, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Polarimetry with a soft x-ray spectrometer

Herman Marshall

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701129 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.787249

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Mirrors, Sensors, Polarization, Polarimetry, Spectroscopy, Modulation, X-ray optics, Reflectivity, Charge-coupled devices

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2007 Paper

Spectrometer concept and design for X-ray astronomy using a blazed transmission grating

Kathryn Flanagan, Minseung Ahn, John Davis, Ralf Heilmann, David Huenemoerder, Alan Levine, Herman Marshall, Gregory Prigozhin, Andrew Rasmussen, George Ricker, Mark Schattenburg, Norbert Schulz, Yong Zhao

Proceedings Volume 6688, 66880Y (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.739941

KEYWORDS: Spectroscopy, Spectral resolution, Charge-coupled devices, X-rays, Computed tomography, Diffraction gratings, Mirrors, Silicon, Absorption, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2007 Paper

A soft x-ray polarimeter designed for broadband x-ray telescopes

Herman Marshall

Proceedings Volume 6688, 66880Z (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.746957

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, X-ray telescopes, Polarization, Mirrors, Multilayers, Polarimetry, Reflectivity, Computed tomography, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

An evaluation of a bake-out of the ACIS instrument on the Chandra X-Ray Observatory

Paul Plucinsky, Stephen O'Dell, Neil Tice, Douglas Swartz, Marshall Bautz, Joseph DePasquale, Richard Edgar, Gordon Garmire, Rino Giordano, Catherine Grant, Perry Knollenberg, Steve Kissel, Beverly LaMarr, Richard Logan, Martin Mach, Herman Marshall, Leon McKendrick, Gregory Prigozhin, Dan Schwartz, Norbert Schulz, Dan Shropshire, Tan Trinh, Alexey Vikhlinin, Shanil Virani

Proceedings Volume 5488, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552029

KEYWORDS: Charge-coupled devices, Contamination, Collimators, X-rays, Space operations, Observatories, Absorption, Sensors, Thermal modeling, Aerospace engineering

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 2004 Paper

Verifying the ACIS contamination model with 1E0102.2-7219

Joseph DePasquale, Paul Plucinsky, Alexey Vikhlinin, Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Richard Edgar

Proceedings Volume 5501, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552068

KEYWORDS: Contamination, Charge-coupled devices, Absorption, Bismuth, Calibration, Observatories, Spectral models, Data modeling, X-rays, Imaging spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 3 February 2004 Paper

Composition of the Chandra ACIS contaminant

Herman Marshall, Allyn Tennant, Catherine Grant, Adam Hitchcock, Stephen O'Dell, Paul Plucinsky

Proceedings Volume 5165, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.508310

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Absorption, Fluorine, X-rays, Contamination, Opacity, Spectroscopy, Carbon, Calibration, Quantum efficiency

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Proceedings Article | 3 February 2004 Paper

Chandra X-ray Observatory mirror effective area

Ping Zhao, Diab Jerius, Richard Edgar, Terrance Gaetz, Leon Van Speybroeck, Beth Biller, Eli Beckerman, Herman Marshall

Proceedings Volume 5165, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.509379

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Calibration, Sensors, Mirrors, X-ray sources, Observatories, X-ray telescopes, Quantum efficiency, Buildings, Data analysis

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Proceedings Article | 3 February 2004 Paper

In-flight calibration of the Chandra high-energy transmission grating spectrometer

Herman Marshall, Daniel Dewey, Kazunori Ishibashi

Proceedings Volume 5165, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.508320

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Magnetoencephalography, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Spectroscopy, Laser range finders, Charge-coupled devices, X-rays, Data modeling, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Flight spectral response of the ACIS instrument

Paul Plucinsky, Norbert Schulz, Herman Marshall, Catherine Grant, George Chartas, Divas Sanwal, Marcus Teter, Alexey Vikhlinin, Richard Edgar, Michael Wise, Glenn Allen, Shanil Virani, Joseph DePasquale, Michael Raley

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461473

KEYWORDS: Charge-coupled devices, Calibration, Data modeling, Contamination, Spectral resolution, Absorption, Bismuth, Manganese, X-rays, Sensors

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We discuss the flight calibration of the spectral response of the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) on-board the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO). The spectral resolution and sensitivity of the ACIS instrument have both been evolving over the course of the mission. The spectral resolution of the frontside-illuminated (FI) CCDs changed dramatically in the first month of the mission due to radiation damage. Since that time, the spectral resolution of the FI CCDs and the Backside-illuminated (BI) CCDs have evolved gradually with time. We demonstrate the efficacy of charge-transfer inefficiency (CTI) correction algorithms which recover some of the lost performance. The detection efficiency of the ACIS instrument has been declining throughout the mission, presumably due to a layer of contamination building up on the filter and/or CCDs. We present a characterization of the energy dependence of the excess absorption and demonstrate software which models the time dependence of the absorption from energies of 0.4 keV and up. The spectral redistribution function and the detection efficiency are well-characterized at energies from 1.5 to 8.0~keV primarily due to the existence of strong lines in the ACIS calibration source in that energy range. The calibration at energies below 1.5 keV is challenging because of the lack of strong lines in the calibration source and also because of the inherent non-linear dependence with energy of the CTI and the absorption by the contamination layer. We have been using data from celestial sources with relatively simple spectra to determine the quality of the calibration below 1.5 keV. We have used observations of 1E0102.2-7219 (the brightest supernova remnant in the SMC), PKS2155-304 (a bright blazar), and the pulsar PSR~0656+14 (nearby pulsar with a soft spectrum), since the spectra of these objects have been well-characterized by the gratings on the CXO. The analysis of these observations demonstrate that the CTI correction recovers a significant fraction of the spectral resolution of the FI CCDs and the models of the time-dependent absorption result in consistent measurements of the flux at low energies for data from a BI (S3) CCD.

Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

In-flight effective area calibration of the Chandra low-energy transmission grating spectrometer

Deron Pease, Jeremy Drake, Vinay Kashyap, Herman Marshall, Erica Raffauf, Peter Ratzlaff, Bradford Wargelin

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461275

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Quantum efficiency, Data modeling, X-rays, Spectroscopy, Diffraction, Dispersion, Observatories, Hydrogen, Microchannel plates

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Probing the cosmic x-ray laboratory with the Chandra HETGS

Kathryn Flanagan, Claude Canizares, Daniel Dewey, A. Fredericks, J. Houck, J. Lee, Herman Marshall, Mark Schattenburg

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461738

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Iron, Ionization, Signal to noise ratio, Absorption, Silicon, Doppler effect, Data modeling, Neon, Magnesium

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Proceedings Article | 14 February 2003 Paper

Realistic inexpensive soft x-ray polarimeter and the potential scientific return

Herman Marshall, Stephen Murray, John Chappell, Herbert Schnopper, Eric Silver, Martin Weisskopf

Proceedings Volume 4843, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.459486

KEYWORDS: Polarization, X-rays, Sensors, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Multilayers, Stars, Polarimetry, Modulation, Microchannel plates

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2000 Paper

Low-energy effective area of the Chandra low-energy transmission grating spectrometer

Deron Pease, Jeremy Drake, C. Olivia Johnson, Vinay Kashyap, Ralph Kraft, Peter Ratzlaff, Bradford Wargelin, A. Brinkman, Jelle Kaastra, Rob van der Meer, Frits Paerels, Vadim Burwitz, Peter Predehl, Herman Marshall, Martin Barstow, D. Finley, Jean Dupuis

Proceedings Volume 4012, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391609

KEYWORDS: Calibration, X-rays, Quantum efficiency, Data modeling, Spectroscopy, Hydrogen, Atmospheric modeling, Error analysis, Observatories, Spectroscopes

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2000 Paper

Absolute effective area of the Chandra high-resolution mirror assembly (HRMA)

Daniel Schwartz, Laurence David, R. Donnelly, Richard Edgar, Terrance Gaetz, Dale Graessle, Diab Jerius, Michael Juda, Edwin Kellogg, Brian McNamara, Paul Plucinsky, Leon Van Speybroeck, Bradford Wargelin, S. Wolk, Ping Zhao, Daniel Dewey, Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Ronald Elsner, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Stephen O'Dell, Douglas Swartz, Allyn Tennant, Martin Weisskopf

Proceedings Volume 4012, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391566

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Calibration, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Sensors, Synchrotrons, Observatories, Photons, X-ray imaging, Optical testing

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Spectral features in the AXAF HETGS effective area using high-signal-continuum tests

Herman Marshall, Daniel Dewey, Norbert Schulz, Kathryn Flanagan

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331280

KEYWORDS: Quantum efficiency, Charge-coupled devices, Sensors, Data modeling, Spectroscopy, Bismuth, Calibration, Imaging spectroscopy, Gold, Magnetoencephalography

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Analysis and modeling of anomalous scattering in the AXAF HETGS

John Davis, Herman Marshall, Daniel Dewey, Mark Schattenburg

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331288

KEYWORDS: Scattering, Data modeling, Diffraction gratings, Magnetoencephalography, Sensors, Diffraction, Light scattering, Calibration, Dispersion, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Absolute effective areas of the HETGS

Norbert Schulz, Daniel Dewey, Herman Marshall

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331234

KEYWORDS: Magnetoencephalography, Charge-coupled devices, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Energy efficiency, Crystals, Diffraction gratings, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Toward the calibration of the HETGS line response function

Herman Marshall, Daniel Dewey, Kathryn Flanagan, C. Baluta, Claude Canizares, D. Davis, John Davis, T. Fang, D. Huenemoerder, Joel Kastner, Norbert Schulz, Michael Wise, Jeremy Drake, Jiahong Juda, Michael Juda, A. Brinkman, C. Gunsing, Jelle Kaastra, Gisela Hartner, Peter Predehl

Proceedings Volume 3113, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.278844

KEYWORDS: Laser range finders, Sensors, Calibration, Point spread functions, Magnetoencephalography, Scattering, Spectral resolution, Dispersion, X-rays, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Preliminary test results on spectral resolution of the Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer on board of AXAF

A. Brinkman, C. Gunsing, Jelle Kaastra, Heinrich Braeuninger, Gisela Hartner, Peter Predehl, Jeremy Drake, Jiahong Juda, Michael Juda, Daniel Dewey, Kathryn Flanagan, Herman Marshall

Proceedings Volume 3113, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.278846

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Spectroscopy, Spectral resolution, Chemical elements, Telescopes, Image resolution, Calibration, Imaging systems, X-rays, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

X-ray calibration of the AXAF Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer: effective area

Peter Predehl, Heinrich Braeuninger, A. Brinkman, Daniel Dewey, Jeremy Drake, Kathryn Flanagan, Theo Gunsing, Gisela Hartner, Jiahong Juda, Michael Juda, Jelle Kaastra, Herman Marshall, Douglas Swartz

Proceedings Volume 3113, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.278845

KEYWORDS: Diffraction gratings, Calibration, Sensors, X-rays, Diffraction, Spectroscopy, Space telescopes, Mirrors, Monochromators, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Toward the calibration of the HETGS effective area

Daniel Dewey, Kathryn Flanagan, Herman Marshall, C. Baluta, Claude Canizares, D. Davis, John Davis, T. Fang, D. Huenemoerder, Joel Kastner, Norbert Schulz, Michael Wise, Jeremy Drake, Jiahong Juda, Michael Juda, A. Brinkman, C. Gunsing, Jelle Kaastra, Gisela Hartner, Peter Predehl

Proceedings Volume 3113, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.278843

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Diffraction gratings, Magnetoencephalography, Diffraction, Mirrors, X-rays, Data modeling, Contamination, Quantum efficiency

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Proceedings Article | 7 November 1994 Paper

Conceptual design of a fast soft x-ray stellar polarimeter

Herman Marshall

Proceedings Volume 2283, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.193206

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Polarization, X-rays, Mirrors, Telescopes, Reflectivity, Polarimetry, Multilayers, Reflector telescopes, Signal detection

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